Interpretation of Social Theories

The study of sociology aims at evaluating and determining the civic and domestic interrelationship of people. During my comprehensive study of this subject, I have come across quite a number of pieces of literature that have enhanced my knowledge and liberalized my notion concerning the subject in question. I have loved some facts presented in the articles especially owing to the fact that most of them are exact reflections of the present human social lives. As a matter of fact, they are images of my own personal experiences.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Interpretation of Social Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article on suicide gives a comprehensive argument on the possible causes of suicide. It equates the causes of this social evil to the amount of food available in relation to food security and inflation. For instance, the reading relates the price and availability of wheat to the number of suicidal deaths. From the figures indicated on the paper, I have noted that suicidal deaths rise with the decrease in wheat production or increase in wheat prices. This is indeed a true reflection of my personal experience. The number of suicidal deaths also increases with increased poverty; which is also a verifiable statement (Mommsen, 1992). Some occasions in life may compel one to commit suicide. These include financial and industrial crises. As opposed to poverty, these two do not cause the deaths because they result to frustration but because they cause disturbance to normalcy. The article on suicide clearly indicates how the disruption of normalcy can result to suicidal deaths. I agree with these sentiments to some extent but they do not have my complete approval. This is because most suicide cases attributed to disruption of either financial or industrial normalcy have other resultant factors. As a result, it would be inappropriate to imply that the deaths are caused ent irely by these disruptions. However, one can say that financial and industrial crises are merely part of other causative factors in a suicidal death (Mommsen, 1992). The article on domination and legitimacy talks extensively about authority and how it enjoys compliance to only a fraction of the populace subjected to its rule. It states that the implementation of domination requires a trusted staff that is charged with the responsibility of executing the general policies and certain commands. This, according to me, conforms to the modern modes of exercising power. It not only happens in our government but also in many other democratic governments across the globe. This is a direct implication that the approach of ruling is universally practiced in different platforms (Mommsen, 1992).Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most of the social theories discussed in the articles are pr actical. For instance, young kids are taught how to feed, keep themselves clean, how to become obedient and calm and to how be mindful of their fellows. After a long time of regular practice, these actions become habits. The article on ‘Rules of Sociological Method’ states that this is the basic format of attaining education and making the knowledge gained a practicable habit. However, there is no mention of the origin of the urge to eat, stay clean, respect and be mindful of others. For example, kids are only taught how to eat but not how to have the urge of eating (Mommsen, 1992). In conclusion, the articles on social theory give a wide scope of understanding in the subject. They internalize and vivify the manner in which people react with others. This then makes their readers visualize and correlates the events with their personal life experiences. In some situations, however, readers are left with some confusion that needs additional clarifications. Reference Mommse n, W. J. (1992). The political and social theory of Max Weber: Collected essays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. This assessment on Interpretation of Social Theories was written and submitted by user Kane Leblanc to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Punk Hero essays

A Punk Hero essays Growing up, there are many unexplainable feelings and emotions a teenager may face. A good way of dealing with these emotions is to relate to a literary or sports figure that has had success in their life. I would never imagine how Kurt Cobain could embody both the frustration of my adolescence and express the distress through his music. Through analyzing the success of Nirvana, the meaning of their songs, and the effects on my life it becomes clear Kurt Cobain has become one of rocks most influential figures. This punk Seattle band moved almost mainstream almost overnight. Nirvana caught on fast and changed rock and roll music forever and molded the music of the 90s, alternative. With the support Kurt hated the music of big rock bands like the Sex Pistols, Rolling Stones and Aerosmith. He felt their lyrics were sexist and pointless with no meaning. Kurt was a very sensitive and emotional person, a characteristic that showed through all of his songs. Eventually he became so famous that he a cult following. The songs exemplified the kids world. In the song Dumb Kurt sings, I think Im dumb over and over again to show how his years of neglect from his peers at high school and his family made him feel as if he was to blame. Kids relate to his music because it portrays how the world was so cruel and how he and the kids were treated badly. He was responsible for the most creative rock music of the last decade. Kurt didnt have to hide behind face paint or wear tight clothes to grab attention as the other rock stars. He wore flannels and jeans, something that every other kid wore, and he wasnt ashamed by it. In one song Come As You Are Kurt sings Come as you are as I want you to be. He wanted to show the youth that they dont have to follow the crowd and do something someone else wants them to do to fit in. Every modern alternative song has a tin...

Cortisol affects on Serotonin, Norepinephrine, & Dopamine Essay

Cortisol affects on Serotonin, Norepinephrine, & Dopamine - Essay Example It can reduce or elevate blood sugar as well as affect the immune system. Cortisol is a steroid hormone released from the adrenal cortex in response to a hormone called ACTH (produced by the pituitary gland). According to Stewart ( 2008) â€Å"cortisol levels are often measured to evaluate how well the pituitary and adrenal glands are working† which is done through a simple blood test. Before furthering discussionthe relationship between cortisol and neurotransmitters , it is important to understand how the brain works. The brain has 10-100 billion neurons that transmit messages through electrical impulses to other neurons whenever we react, think, or feel. However , when an electrical impulse is received by the axon, the impulse becomes chemical in nature known as neurotransmitters. The main function of these neurotransmitters is to deliver the message from one neuron to another. When a dendrite receives the message, the chemical impulse is converted again into an electrical impulse which repeats the whole process again. â€Å"Of the 30 or so neurotransmitters that have been identified, researchers have discovered associations between clinical depression and the function of three primary ones: serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. These three neurotransmitters function within structures of the brain that regulate emotions, reactions to stress, and the physical drives of sleep, appetite, and sexuality†( Price 2004 ) In the introductory part of this paper, it was discussed how cortisol plays an important role in the body’s reaction to stress. Inceased cortisol release can benefit the body by preparing it for emergency or life-threatening situations by making it more physically responsive and alert. Unfortunately, chronic release of high amounts of cortisol can stress out the body which can lead to deteriorating physical condition as

Executive Summary- Annual Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Executive Summary- Annual Marketing Plan - Essay Example To address these, a brief background on Sears Holding Corporation would be introduced prior to expounding on the executive summary, as required. The history of Sears Holding Corporation is traced in 1886 when its incorporator, Robert Sears, started selling watches for the purpose of augmenting his source of income as a station agent (Sears: Chronology, 2010, par. 1). With hard work, perseverance and innovative marketing approach, the legendary growth and ability to meet challenges in its business environment led to its continued successful existence after more than a century of serving the customers’ needs. Today, with its merger with Kmart Holdings Corporation in 2005, it is considered the â€Å"fourth largest retailer in the United States, behind Wal-Mart, The Home Depot, and Kroger (Stores.org, 2006). With the combined efforts of Kmart and Sears, the organization’s executive summary of the marketing plan for the year appears below: Sears Holding Corporation (SHC) has attained a successful profitability performance boasting of â€Å"$1.8 billion of Adjusted EBITDA, an improvement of more than $200 million over 2008† (Sears Holding Corp.: Chairman’s Letter, 2010, par. 1). With the financial success despite the global financial crisis, SHC’s five pillars of marketing strategy assisted in directing all efforts towards growth and improvement, to wit: â€Å"(1) Creating lasting relationships with customers by empowering them to manage their lives; (2) Attaining best in class productivity and efficiency; (3) Building our brands; (4) Reinventing the company continuously through technology and innovation; and (5) Reinforcing â€Å"The SHC Way† by living our values every day† (Sears Holding Corp.: Chairman’s Letter, 2010, pars. 7 – 11). For the coming year, the objectives of the company are summarized herewith: â€Å"(1) focus on new and innovative products for the Kenmore laundry business; (2) enforce leadership through heavy marketing efforts and

MRSA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MRSA - Research Paper Example MRSA is a nuisance in hospital for the patients with open wounds or on invasive devices and bothersome for immunocompromised patients. The study reports MRSA to be the major cause of illness and mortality in the hospitalized patients and thereby enhances the burden of hospitalization cost. The research reports the mortality associated with MRSA between 1999- 2005. However, the article does not report the variation of cases in different hospitals to highlight the need of intervention required in a particular hospital to rule out the cause and take steps to eradicate MRSA as done in the study carried out by Hardy et al, (2007). The article considered evidence based research to highlight allocated resources to deal with MRSA and emphasize on the decision of policy makers to adopt control measures, but the article does not state the control measures to be adopted in different hospital settings to check spread of nosocomial spread of MRSA. On the other hand the study carried out by Hardy et al, (2007) specify the microbiological identification of patients followed by the isolation of such cases to prevent cross-infection together with application of mupirocin and skin disinfectant in order to remove the chances of any carriage. The article emphasize on thorough screening and isolation. According to Hardy et al, (2007), the interventions to control MRSA infection are poorly designed and including nurse cohort in bays. The screening method that is suggested by Hardy et al, (2007) directly implicate the molecular methods for detection of MRSA such as multiplexed PCR primers to detect the presence of gene (mecA). Methodology The methodology adopted was based on estimated incidence, i.e. the number of hospitalized cases with S. aureus-related discharge. The Surveillance Network (TSN) Database- is an electronic repository of susceptibility test is utilized to test the drug resistance patterns. However, the study highlights NHDS report on the mortality of the patient but t he reason of mortality was not specified. The report estimated only those mortality cases which were involved with MRSA. On the contrary, study carried out by Hardy et al, (2007) was systematically planned involving socio-economic, ethnic as well as age characteristics. It involved seven surgical wards encompassing general surgery, vascular, thoracic, ENT, trauma and orthopedic as well as urology. The study also had inclusion and exclusion criteria of the cases in contrast to the study carried out by Klein et al, (2007) which does not have any exclusion criterion nor does the study involved sampling procedure. On the other hand, study carried out by Hardy et al, (2007) involved nasal samples as they can be procured easily and have 84% sensitivity. The results procured were immediately conveyed to the staff of the concerned departments to have laboratory protocol and for patient information and communication. All these actions such as data collection, data analysis, sample size, econ omic analysis, modelling were swiftly performed to control the infection. All these methods were lacking in the study carried out by Klein et al, (2007). Discussion According to Klein et al, (2007), antimicrobial drug-resistant illnesses inflict larger costs as compared to the susceptible infections caused for instance infection caused by Staphylococcus

The Concept Of Sustainable Agriculture Environmental Sciences Essay

The Concept Of Sustainable Agriculture Environmental Sciences Essay This project will both investigate and apprise a number of factors which contribute to the current sustainability and those that may influence this sustainability. This project is directly related to a case study which we as a group observed; the case study was carried out across 5 farms in the Black Lion region Co Cavan which is shown on the map below. Sustainable agriculture is the practice of farming using principles of ecology, the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. It has been defined as an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will, over the long term: Global sustainability of agriculture: Global sustainability of agriculture covers a vast array of topics they being: Biodiversity, Energy, Fisheries Forests, Fertilizer, Food, Population, Water. The term sustainability in ecology terms directly describes how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems. For humans, sustainability is the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions. At present the world is experiencing a number of environmental challenges which are creating major social, economic and political consequences throughout the globe. If we were to focus on these environmental problems individually would not be suitable as all life on the Earth is part of a large ecosystem, and what impacts one part of the system affects the whole. This could be seen during our site visit as was deeply illustrated by each of the farmers that as current government and EU policies stipulate on stocking rates, farming methods and farming by the calendar when in practice this is not the most suitable case. This is due to a number of issues as focusing on any single issue such as stocking rates for every area is different due to the local environment also deteriorating quantities of genetic seed stock, preservation such as soil base (green cover during December-January) are issues directed at Ireland and EU, but larger issues such as insufficient regional food stocks for world populations, water supply, a decreasing forestry base are all issues to be addressed worldwide and are vital needs of the future. When any one of these problems is addressed, all aspects of the whole must be brought into consideration. Agricultural sustainability worldwide has a key role to play in finding solutions to the challenges facing the Earth such issues as: -insufficient access to food, -declining genetic diversity, -environmental degradation, vanishing forests Without solutions for these issues to be realised new challenges will fast emerge. Such challenges which exist in a region such as west Cavan are how climate change is affecting land condition, grass growth patterns, the availability of fresh water. Along with climatic issues such as Reps, the water framework directive, Nitrates directive and cap are all in place to contribute to the preservation of such a rural environment. EU and National Policies/Directives Irelands  National Biodiversity Plan   was launched in April 2002. The plan set out a framework that would help provide Ireland with conservation and sustainable techniques that could be used to improve and enhance biodiversity throughout the country. The plan had certain aims and objectives to achieve, and was to be reviewed after a five-year period. There were fifteen themes and sectors, with detailed actions that were to be pursued to achieve its objectives. The National Biodiversity Plan established special protected areas, which was important for the conservation of biodiversity in Ireland. About 10% of Ireland was considered to be important for nature conservation and were included in the protected areas programme. The framework for site protection in Ireland, both in terms of what should be protected and how it should be protected, are determined by national and by EU policy. These systems and techniques of protecting the SPAs, were options in the REPS schemes, where there was added incentives and bonuses to the farmer for undertaking measures which were designed to improve biodiversity on his/her farm. REPS become a very important scheme to farmers in these SPAs, particularly in west county Cavan as there were substantial payments on an annual basis for any participating farmer. An example of a supplementary measure that could be undertaken to enhance biodiversity in REPS is the conservation of wild bird habitats. This supplementary measure aims to improve habitat structures for wild birds and provide them with more breeding sites. There are SPAs designated throughout the country to protect vulnerable species such as the corncrake and the hen harrier. Each farmer could receive an extra payment for undertaking a supplementary measure, as mentioned above, on top of their REPS payment which was paid on a per hectare basis. A REPS plan had to be drawn up by an approved planner, and any plan that included commonage/NHA/SAC/SPAs had to be approved and sig ned by an approved environmentalist. The planner should set out the management requirements according to the relevant commonage framework plan, NPWS site management plan or agreed farming prescription. The plan has to include an environmental report, prepared by the environmentalist. Specific site requirements might include features such as adjustment to stock numbers or grazing regime, remedial works such as fencing or rubbish removal, restricted use of pesticides and fertilisers or any additional requirements set out in the REPS planner. It is compulsory to get approval from the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food if any farmer intends to increase stock levels, introduce stock to areas that were not grazed before or change the type of stock on the farm during the course of the plan. This professional input and advice into these schemes, from professionals such as REPS planners, environmentalists and department officials, have had a very positive impact on the commonage a nd SPAs in west county Cavan, and other areas with similar landscape features. Farmers have made great use of the professional advice available to them, have made great use of the schemes and incentives all of which have helped protect and improve the biodiversity of their local area. The REPS scheme has arguably had the most positive effect on farmers farming in commonage and SPA/NHA/SACs areas. There are compulsory courses to be undertaken for each farmer, which educates them on how to manage their farms correctly, with issues such as nutrient management plans, protection of watercourses/habitats and the supplementary measures. This education, in my opinion has had a very positive effect on farmers and has been put use in farming regions where REPS was popular. Also, the financial benefits of the REPS schemes brought many positives to areas such as west county Cavan, as the vast majority of the money was spent in the local economy. Schemes such as the National Biodiversity Plans, Commonage Framework Plans, Duchas/NPWS plans and REPS plans have all brought positive impacts to areas such as west county Cavan an I expect will continue in the future in some form. Suggestions that some emphasis will be placed on public goods in the SFP post 2013 is positive, and indicates that both the EU and the Irish government are intent on protecting Ireland commonage and wildlife features into the future. Conclusion: To conclude upon our evaluation of the Black lion region in Co Cavan. We came to the conclusion that sustainability within the region could be viewed under a number of headings social, economical and environmental factors. Social: The reasons as that were explained during the tour relating to social factors within the region was that not much employment outside of farming existed within the region and more often than not the younger generation saw a way out of this with emigration from the region being the resulting factor. This then resulted in that generation getting educated leaving the region taking up residence close to work mainly along the east coast which resulted in the west Cavan region being abandoned and loose all revenue which such people living in the area would have brought. Such a situation also leaves a bleak outlook for agriculture as there remains no successor to take the reins after the current proprietor passes, Economic: If the region is to remain sustainable in an economic sense there is vital need for encouragement to build on the current population within the region. Incentives must be put in place to encourage the development of employment within the region. As the farming community could be directly involved within such a development due to the land within their possession could be utilised for off-farm income based ventures such as tourism: hill walking, fishing, bog snorkelling ect. As if current trends were to continue the region could fast become under populated and may soon become isolated. Under population may in turn results in farming becoming extinct within the region this would also result in a negative impact for the environment due to no preservation of the land which could result in overgrowth of the mountains and no preservation of such a rare landscape. Environmental: Agriculture has played an important part in the economic and sustainable growth of this region. However, in order for this to continue, the agricultural community has to ensure that various obligations regarding the law and the environment are applied which current Legislation is in place to ensure: which limit the abuse of activities such as Land spreading distances from water bodies. It is essential that the required distances are observed in the case of domestic wells and public water supply sources. Requirements as to the manner of application of fertilisers, soiled water etc. Periods when application of fertilisers is prohibited. Limits on the amount of livestock manure to be applied. Ploughing and the use of non-selective herbicides

Although Short, John Updikes a & P Is Big On Enjoyment :: essays research papers

Although Short, John Updike's "A & P" is Big on Enjoyment I enjoy stories that are long and involved. However, the short story "A & P" by John Updike is a wonderful exception to this rule. Updike writes the story from a viewpoint of what I believe to be a younger, more contemporary person. The story contains many other enjoyable attributes, such as the comments about young girls' flesh. I found the story to be a good read and although I typically don't like stories that are short and uninvolved, I was able to gain a lot of enjoyment from this work. The story begins with little-to-no foreshadowing and doesn't enlighten the reader until about half way through the piece. All of the sudden, the reader is cast into an "A & P" grocery store in what I would think to be the late 1950's. Although undocumented, the writer gives details that point to this time period. I didn't think I would enjoy the story because it doesn't provide much background information on anything. However, as I began to read the story I was able to create background information of my own which changed my opinion about the story altogether. I found the work to be enjoyable in other ways as well. I got the impression that the main character was a younger fellow. His comments and actions sounded more immature than mature, so I was able to relate more closely to the work. I found that there were many thought processes that are similar to an adolescent boys, rather than to a more experienced adult. A good example of this can be seen toward the end of paragraph 2 when he gives his interpretation of what happens in a girls mind. He makes a simile to a bee buzzing in a glass jar. A mature person would never make a statement that is so thoughtless. I enjoyed it very much. I'm able to make a few emotional connections to Sammy, the main character, as well.. In the story, there are many clues that point to him as a girl watcher / admirer. I tend to think that all gentlemen at that age and maturity level feel similar ways toward the opposite sex. In the passage, "...you know, the kind of girl the other girls think is very 'striking' and 'attractive' but never quite makes it, as they very well know, which is why they

Homo Neanderthalensis – the Neanderthals

Since their discovery more than a century ago, the Neanderthals have hovered over the minds and have baffled the best-laid theories of paleoanthropologists. They seem to fit in the general scheme of human evolution, and yet they’re misfits. (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon. p. 367) In a way they are like us the modern Homo sapiens but yet are a very different species. But the real question that needs to be answered is â€Å"why the Neanderthals were considered a different species than the Homo sapiens and what made them go extinct? † The first Neanderthal remains were discovered in the year of 1856 in Germany. This discovery of a skullcap and partial skeleton in a cave in the Neander Valley (near Dusseldorf) was the first recognized fossil human form (Smithsonian 2007b). This was the first time Neanderthal fossils were discovered, as skulls were unearthed in Engis, Belgium in 1829 and Forbes’ Quarry, Gibraltar in 1848. However; these earlier discoveries were not known as belonging to archaic forms. The type of specimen, named Neanderthal 1, consisted of a skull cap, two femora, three bones from the right arm, two from the left arm, part of the left ilium, fragments of a scapula, and ribs. When this skeleton was recovered the workers thought the bones belonged to a bear. The workers then gave the material to an amateur naturalist Johann Karl Fuhlrott, who then in turn gave the fossils to anatomist Hermann Schaffhausen. The discovery was jointly announced in 1857. In 1864, a new species was known as: Homo Neanderthalensis. These, and later, discoveries led to the idea that these remains were from the ancient Europeans who played an important role in modern human origins. The bones of over four hundred Neanderthals have been found since. The most controversial one was excavated in 1908 at La Chalpelle-aux-Saints in southeast France. This was a nearly complete skeleton of a man who would have been elderly by the Neanderthals standards. The bones were analyzed between 1911 and 1913 by the well known French paleontologist, Marcellin Boule. But unfortunately his prejudices got in the way of scientific objectivity. He described the La Chapelle- aux-Saints man, and subsequently all Neanderthals, as dull- witted, brutish and ape-like creatures who walked hunched over with a shuffling gait. Today scientists think he misjudged the Neanderthal posture because the adult male that was discovered had osteoarthritis of the spine. Also, and probably more important, Boule and his contemporaries found it difficult to fully accept that the Neanderthals would have been the ancestor of modern humans. The skull of this male, which was 40 years old when he died, is very large with a cranial capacity of 1,620cm. Typical of western European classic forms, the vault was low and long; the brow ridges are immense, with the typical Neanderthal arched shape; the forehead was low and retreating; and the face was long and projecting. The La Chapelle skeleton wasn’t a typical Neanderthal, but and unusually robust male. Who â€Å"evidently represented an extreme in the Neanderthal range of variation† (Brace et al. , 1979, p. 117). The term â€Å"Neanderthal Man† was named by an Irish anatomist William King. He named them after the Neander River Valley. Classic Neanderthal fossils have been found over a large area, from northern Germany, to Israel to Mediterranean countries like Spain and Italy, and from England in the west to Uzbekistan in the east. The first proto- Neanderthal traits appeared in Europe as early as 350,000 years ago. (Bischoff et al. 003). By 130,000 years ago, full blown Neanderthal characteristics were present. Neanderthals became extinct in Europe approximately 30,000 years ago. There is recently discovered fossil and stone-tool evidence that suggests Neanderthals may have still been in existence 24,000 years ago, at which time they disappeared from the fossil record and were replaced in Europe by modern Homo sapiens. (Rincon 2006, Mcilroy 2006, Klein 2003, Smithsonian 2007b, 2007b, 2007c). The classic Neanderthal cranium was large, long, low and budging at the sides. Viewed from the side, the occipital bone is somewhat bun-shaped. The forehead rises more vertically than that of a H. Erectus, and the brow ridges arch over the orbits instead of forming a straight bar. The Neanderthals were robust, barrel-chested, powerfully muscled. They also had a large, thick skull, a sloping forehead, and a chinless jaw. This robust skeletal structure, in fact, dominates hominin evolution from H. Erectus through all premodern forms. (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon. p. 370). Neanderthals had a compact body of short stature. Males averaged 1. 7 m (5ft 5in) tall and an estimate to weigh 84kg (185lb), and females averaged 1. m (5ft) tall and an estimate 80kg (176lb). (Smithsonian 2007c). Neanderthals also differed from modern Homo Sapiens in that they had a low forehead, double arched brow ridge, larger nasal area, projecting cheek region, weak chin, obvious space behind the third molar, heavily-built bones, broad scapula, short lower leg and arm bones relative to the upper portions, occasional bowing of the limb bones, the hip rotated outward, a long and thin pubic bone, and large joint surfaces of the toes and long bones. (Smithsonian 2007c). Neanderthals had noses that were broad and very large. They had limb bones that were thick and had large joints which indicate they had strongly muscled arms and legs. The shin bones and forearms tended to be shorter than those of modern humans. The pelvis was wider from side to side than in modern humans and this may have slightly affected their posture. One striking feature of Neanderthals was the brain size, which in these hominins actually was larger than that of H. sapiens today. The average for contemporary H. sapiens is between 1,300 and 1,400 cm, while for Neanderthals it was 1,520cm. The large size may have been linked with the metabolic efficiency of a larger brain in cold weather. Neanderthals mostly lived in cold climates, and their body proportions are similar to those of modern cold-adapted people for example the Eskimo people. The Eskimo people also live in very cold areas, and have a larger average brain size than most other modern human populations. Neanderthals develop quite differently in their childhood than the Homo sapiens. Neanderthal children may have grown faster than modern human children. Where as modern Homo sapiens have the slowest body growth of any mammal during childhood with lack of growth during this period being made up later in an adolescent growth spurt. The possibility that Neanderthal childhood growth was different was first raised in 1928 by the excavators of the Mousterian rock-shelter of a Neanderthal juvenile. Arthur Keith in 1931 wrote, â€Å"Apparently Neanderthal children assumed the appearances of maturity at an earlier age than modern children. †(Keith, Arthur p. 346) The rate of body maturation can be inferred by comparing the maturity of a juvenile’s fossil remains and the estimated age of death. Evidence shows that Neanderthals had a complex culture although they did not behave in the same ways as the early modern humans who lived at the same time. Scholars debate the degree of symbolic behavior shown by Neanderthals as finds of art and adornment are rare, particularly when compared to their modern human contemporaries who were creating significant amounts of cave paintings, portable art and jewelry. Some researchers believe that the Neanderthals lacked cognitive skills to create art and symbols and, in fact copied from or traded with modern humans rather than create their own artifacts. The Neanderthals had a reasonably advanced toolkit classified as Mode 3 technology that was used by early members of our own species, Homo sapiens. This was also known as the Mousterian, named after the site of Le Mousteir. Near the end of the time of the Neanderthals, they began to utilize the Chatelperronian tool style similar to the blade tools of Homo sapiens. . The tools of the Homo sapiens differed from that of the Neanderthals. The tools of the Homo sapiens were much more detailed as they were made out of ivory, bones antlers, and wood. There is little evidence that Neanderthals used antlers, shell, or other bone materials to make tools; their bone industry was relatively simple. However, there is good evidence that they routinely constructed a variety of stone implements. The Neanderthal (Mousterian) toolkits consisted of sophisticated stone-flakes, task-specific hand axes, and spears. Many of these tools were very sharp. Neanderthals trimmed a flint nodule around the edges to form a disk-shaped core. Each time they struck the edge, they produced a flake, and they kept at it until the core became too small and was discarded. There is also good evidence that they used a lot of wood, although such artifacts would likely not have been preserved (Henig 2000). Chatelperronian is one of the most advanced tool style than that of the Mousterian. This occurred at about the same time as modern humans entered Europe. Many archeologists think that the Neanderthals were attempting to copy the types of tools that they observed modern humans making. Alternatively, it is possible that they may have obtained these tools by trading with the modern humans. While Neanderthals had weapons, no projectile weapons have been found. They had spears, in the sense of a long wooden shaft with a spearhead firmly attached to it, but these were not spears specifically crafted for flight. The Neanderthals used their hunting weapons for hunting prey in close proximity and usually hunted in their localized areas. Because Neanderthals had no long-distance weaponry and were mostly limited to thrusting spears, they many have been more prone to serious injury-a hypothesis supported by paleoanthropologists Thomas Berger and Erik Trinkaus (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon, p. 376). Where as the modern Homo sapiens made use of spear-thrower and bow and arrow. With these weapons the Homo sapiens had a wider range of social contacts, perhaps permitting larger, more organized hunting parities. The Neanderthals built hearths and were able to control fire for warmth, cooking and protection. They were known to wear animal hides, especially in cooler areas. However, there is no physical evidence that Neanderthal clothing was sewed together, and it may have simply been wrapped around the body and tied. A very intriguing find was excavated a hollowed-out bear femur that contained holes that may have been deliberately bored into it. This bone was found in western Slovenia in 1995, near the Mousterian fireplace, but its significance is still a matter of dispute. Some paleoanthropologists think that it might have been a flute, while others have expressed that it is a natural bone modified by bears. Another way in which Neanderthals differed markedly from contemporary modern Homo Sapiens, Homo sapiens employed a much wider range of materials from across Europe- such as seashells from Atlantic and mammoth ivory from southern Germany. Neanderthals, by contrast, probably stayed mostly around their caves and campsites. So they did not trade like the modern Homo sapiens. They probably transported their stone materials from short distances- just a few kilometers away. This suggests that Neanderthals activity was localized and territorial. Although much has been hyped about the Neanderthal’s burial of their dead, their burials were less elaborate than those of anatomically modern humans. The interpretation of the Shanidar IV burials as including flowers, and therefore being a form of ritual burial (Solecki 1975), has been questioned (Sommer 1999). On the other hand, five of the six flower pollens found with fossil Shanidar IV are known to have had traditional medical uses, even among relatively contemporary populations. In some cases Neanderthal burials have been found with grave goods, such as bison and auroch bones, tools, and the pigment ochre. On the other hand burial of Modern Homo sapiens were more much more complex, and frequently included both tools and remains of animals (Jurmain, Kilgore, Trevathan and Ciochon, p. 378) Neanderthals occupied a range of environments across Europe and the Middle East and lived through a period of changing climatic conditions. Ice Age in Europe was interspersed with warmer periods but by 110,000 years ago average temperatures were on the decline and full glacial conditions had appeared by 40,000 years ago. There is evidence that the Neanderthals hunted big game and chemical analysis of their fossils shows that they ate significant amounts of meat supplemented with vegetation. Despite this mixed diet, nearly half of the Neanderthals skeletons studied show the effects of a diet deficient in nutrients. Researchers have long debated whether Neanderthals also included human meat in their diets. It is not always easy to determine whether the cut marks on human bones are due to cannibalism, or some other practice or even animal teeth. But in recent years new evidence has emerged that suggests that some Neanderthals may indeed have been cannibals on occasions. The cave of El Sidron in Spain yielded hundreds of Neanderthals bones with cut marks, deliberate breaks for marrow extraction, and other signs that the bodies had been butchered for flesh in the same way as animals. There is Neurological evidence for potential speech in Neanderthalensis existed in the form of the hypoglossal canal, which is a bony canal in the occipital bone of the skull. The canal of Neanderthals is the same size or larger than in modern humans, which is significantly larger than the canal of Australopithecines and modern Chimpanzees. The canal carries the hypoglossal nerve, which supplies the muscles of the tongue with motor coordination. Researchers indicate that this evidence suggests that Neanderthalensis had vocal capabilities similar to, or possibly exceeding that of, modern humans (Kay et al. 1998). However, a research team from the University of California, Berkeley, led by David DeGusta, suggests that the size of the hypoglossal canal is not an indicator of speech. His team’s research, which shows no correlation between canal size and speech potential, shows there are number of living non-human primates and fossilized australopithecines that have equal or larger hypoglossal canal. In 1997, geneticists were able to extract a short sequence of DNA from Neanderthal bones from 30,000 years ago. In July 2006, the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and 454 Life Sciences announced that they would sequence the Neanderthal genome over the next two years. At roughly 3. billion base pairs, Neanderthal genome is about the size of the modern human genome. According to the preliminary sequences, 99. 7% of the base pairs of the modern human and Neanderthal genomes are identical, compared to humans sharing around 98. 8% of the base pairs with the chimpanzee. The researchers recovered ancient DNA of Neanderthals by extracting the DNA from the femur bone of a 38,000 year old male Neanderthal specimen from Vindija Cave, Croatia and other bones found in Spain, Russia, and Germany. Additionally, in 2010, the announcement of the discovery and analysis of Mitochondrial DNA from the Denisova hominin in Siberia revealed that this specimen differs from that of modern humans by 385 bases in the mtDNA strand out of approximately 16,500, whereas the difference between the modern humans and Neanderthals is around 202 bases. Groundbreaking analysis of the Neanderthal genome published in 2010 shows that modern humans and Neanderthals did interbreed, although on a very limited scale. Researchers compared the genomes of five modern humans with the Neanderthal, discovering that Europeans and Asians share about 1-4% of their DNA with Neanderthals and Africans none. This suggests that modern humans bred with Neanderthals after moderns left Africa but before they spread to Asia and Europe. The most likely location is the Levant, where both species co-existed for thousands of years at various times between 20-90,000 years ago. Interestingly, the data doesn’t support wide-scale interbreeding between the species in Europe, where it would have been most likely given their close proximity. Neanderthals persisted for hundreds of thousands of years in extremely harsh conditions. They shard Europe for 10,000 years with the Homo sapiens. Today they no longer exist. There are two main theories of why they have disappeared. The first theory says the Neanderthals interbred with Homo sapiens on a relatively large scale. Followers of this theory believe that although Neanderthals as organisms no longer exist their genes were present in early modern Europeans and may still exist today. Interbreeding diluted Neanderthal DNA because there were significantly more Homo sapiens. Neanderthals were a sub-species of Homo sapiens rather than a separate species and hence their scientific name is Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. There is quite a bit of evidence that supports this theory. There are features of Neanderthals in some Cro-Magnon (Homo sapiens) populations. For instance the discoverers of the 24,000-year-old skeleton of a modern human boy from Lagar Velho in Portugal argue that although the pelvis and facial morphology are sapiens-like, the robusticity and limb proportions are more Neanderthal-like. As the age of the skeleton is later than the time of the last known Neanderthal, these features must represent significant interbreeding and transmission of DNA between modern humans and Neanderthals. Cro-Magnon remains from Vogelherd in Germany and Mladec in the Czech Republic also exhibit a Neanderthal-like projection of the occipital bun at the back of the skull, more so than in later Homo sapiens. Various reasons have been proposed for the ‘replacement’ of Neanderthals by modern humans. Today, most theories accept that Neanderthals displayed advanced behaviors and adaptive strategies and were not sluggish brutes that stood no chance against the vastly superior Homo sapiens. Neanderthal reproductive success and survival rates appeared poor compared to Homo sapiens. Most Neanderthal remains were of individuals rarely over 30 years old and over half were children. Slightly better rates of reproductive success and childhood survival over 10,000 years could be all it took for Homo sapiens to replace Neanderthals. Neanderthals may have also lacked the adaptive nature of modern humans who had complex social networks across wide areas. Smaller populations of Neanderthals that tended to stay in limited areas may have made them vulnerable to local extinctions. The survival techniques of Neanderthals were not as developed as Homo sapiens. For instance, studies on stress and build-up of tissue in Neanderthal bones indicate they may have lacked systematic and directional planning in procuring food. This Neanderthal predominance of ‘brawn over brain’ may also be reflected in the number of skeletal injuries seen in both sexes, probably from close range hunting. Other studies show that 40% of Neanderthal remains have hypoplasia, a condition caused by lack of nutrients in early childhood. This is supported by tests on Neanderthal bone collagen which indicate that meat was very significant in Neanderthal diets to the point that they may be lacking the nutrients from other sources used by Homo sapiens, especially fresh water products and vegetable matter. Researchers also believe climate could have played a major role in Neanderthal’s extinction. New data on the glacial period that occurred from about 65,000 to 25,000 years ago (known as OIS-3) shows that it was a period of rapid, severe and abrupt climate changes with profound environmental impacts. Although Neanderthals were physically adapted to the cold, the severe changes in conditions (within individuals' lifetimes in many cases) allowed no time for populations to recover. I believe doing this research on Neanderthals has taught me a lot more than I knew. I was fascinated by the anatomical differences and similarities between the Homo sapiens and the Neanderthals. I got to learn a lot about their lifestyles, their cultures and how the Neanderthals became extinct. I was surprised to know that some Neanderthals showed evidence of cannibalism. Now having done the research on the Neanderthal, if I was asked to answer my own research question I would be able to answer it. Neanderthals were different from the Homo sapiens for various reasons. They were anatomically different than the Homo sapiens. The Neanderthals were strong and robust while the Homo sapiens today are not as robust and barrel-chested as the Neanderthals. Also the brains of the Neanderthals were larger than the Homo sapiens today. Also I found the extinction theories of the Neanderthals very interesting. I agree with the climate theory. It was mentioned as evidence that the weather was so abrupt and severe it might have affected the Neanderthals negatively leading them to go extinct. Overall this research project made me become aware of all our previous human ancestors.

Family By Pa Chin Essay Essays

Family By Pa Chin Essay Essays Family By Pa Chin Essay Paper Family By Pa Chin Essay Paper The social conflicts that are described mostly in Pa Chins novel, Family re the problems of being a filial son/daughter and the importance of being in a higher status. In the beginning, the novel begins with introducing the three sons who are the successors of the family. The eldest son, Junkie, is the one that will be the person to rightfully inherit the throne from his father and hold the family line. Even though there are three brothers and they all have the same mother and live in the same house, Junkies position is different from theirs. Because he is the first son of the first son (Pa, p. 293), his destiny has already been decided for him the moment that he came into the world (Par p. 5). And to become the filial son that he had to be, he must obey all orders from the elders, because in that way Junkie is showing his family and the world that he is capable of accomplishing these orders that are given to him and it shows that he is a devoted son to his family and to others. Although there are also orders that are put on Jimmie and Juice, they do not have as much responsibility as Junkie. : When their father makes the decision for Junkie to marry after graduation and tells him to quit his university studies and start to get a job; he agrees and completely goes with whatever his father says (p. 36). In this way, it is showing that Junkie is being a filial son and doing his rightful duties, but at the same time it makes him cowardly. It makes him become like a machine, a robot; doing whatever anyone says no matter how painful it is. It is understandable the Junkie is just trying to fulfill his duties and make sure that he does not go against his father or his grandfather or any elderly person, but still he loses all his freedom and basically his life. By doing what he does in the novel just basically means that he put his life into the hands of money else, someone who will control him for the rest of his life. And by the time that he is able to take control of his life and his goals, he would be old and not even capable of doing anything besides making orders all day to someone else. As for Jimmie and Juicer they are a bit more different. They understand the whole being filial to your elders thing, but they still do whatever to get what they want, especially Juice. Being the rebellious person that he is, he never listens and in fact wishes that he could leave his home and get the freedom that he wants. Juice knows of the whole family system and the whole fulfilling what your elders ask of you to do and understands it, but unlike his eldest brother, he wants to rebel. Throughout the novel, he wants the free life of being able to make decision for himself and so he disobeys the orders that are given to him. He forms a magazine article with his brother and other relatives, called Dawn, and from there he writes his own articles about the rebellion and publishes them. Even when Dawn is suspended, he and the rest of the members come up with a new magazine name, For the Masses, and intuition with their articles (p. 238). Juice is very bold and defiant that he shows no shame of calling out a person who has done wrong, like when he talked about Master Fen, shouting; That murderer-?old man Fen! (p. 250). Although Jimmie had tried to quiet him down, Juice continued and did not care whether anyone had heard him or not. It is not just the boys that have to deal with filial piety; Sin, although is a girl, also has rules of her own that is given by her mother and other elders. Being the only child that she is, her mother requires a lot from her. And seeing the main that her mother went through after her father has passed away, Sin did not want to disobey her mother. Although she too is like Juice, because of her mother, she is willing to listen and follow the orders that are given, because her mother is currently living a miserable life. Therefore when Chine- juju talks to her about cutting her hair and going to a co-De school and those many things, Sin cannot help but retreat from doing all that because of her mother. Some time ago made up my mind that should do what I want. But when the time comes when can do what want Hind of her toiling through miserable years of widowhood to bring me up, all the while loving me, caring for me, and it is now my turn to make her happy (p. 197) The pain that her mother have gone through, Sin wanted to get rid of it by being by her mothers side and comply with everything that her mother asks of her. Although she is only a girl and should being her duties that many other girls should being d oing; she strives for education and freedom of her own rules. When she hears from Jimmie about his school becoming coed, she immediately wants to transfer there. She wants to make a difference in the society and change the rules around, making all boys and girls being able to attend class together and learn the same things. Girls are human beings the same as boys. Why shouldnt they study in the same classroom? (p. 32) As seen from this quote, Sin believes that there should be equality between boys and girls and so she insists on going to a coed school even if her mother or her grandmother, or anyone in her family rejects it. Throughout the novel, there are a lot of situations where status is a problem, especially when it comes to being in a relationship. All three brothers encounter this and eventually two of them lose the love of their life, all because of being in a different status. The biggest problem in Sushis life overall is because of this that makes him not only want to disobey the elders but make a change in the society. Because he falls in love with Mining Fen who is of a lower class than he is, the two do not end up with one another. Therefore, it results in Juice to hate everyone in his family and for him to leave home for good. Because of Mining Fen is only a servant in the Gao household, she is to obey he orders that are given. She cannot be in any sort of contact with Juice or else she would get a scolding. In the beginning, Juice does not know that holding Mining Fen back and talking with her will cause her pain. He does come to realize and this is what makes him start to want to rebel and leave his home (p. 20). Hence, when Mining Fen commits suicide, he puts the blame on his grandfather. He does not understand why someone has to go through something such as being forced to become a concubine and live an even miserable when they already have no relatives and is of a low class. What he is most mad about is that fact that after, Mining Fen died, his grandfather still send another servant to take Mining Fangs place. She ended her life in the waters of the lake, and another girl, weeping, went to the Fen family to bury her youth to satisfy the passions of a lustful old dog (p. 228). In this quote, it really shows how much Juice hate how status is so important in a persons life, that it makes someone else end theirs just because they were Of a lower status. The social problems that are mostly showed in Pa Chins novel, Family; are he difficulties of being a dutiful son/daughter, the relationship between one of higher status and one of lower status, and the role of women equality during this time period. The three brothers lives have been very complicated the day they were born and having experiences so many conflicts during their twenty some years of life, they have finally come to a conclusion of rebelling and choosing the right path. Although they are at different paths at the end of the novel, the three of them are just beginning new journey of freedom and no more social struggles.

3 Important Skills Youll Acquire with Proposal Writing Training

3 Important Skills You'll Acquire with Proposal Writing Training Writing a proposal is one of the most important processes in business, and knowing the key elements of a great proposal versus a good or average proposal can make a world of difference to your career and to your business revenue. Here are some key elements for a successful proposal that you will discuss and practice throughout yourproposal writing training: 1. AudienceThroughout your career, you will have to write proposals for a variety of people. Every proposal will need to be focused differently, depending on the audience. With proper training, you will learn how to identify your audience and your audience's needs so you can properly address them in your proposal.Is a potential client most focused on budget, or the quality of your solution, or ongoing support, or your industry experience? This matters deeply. You must shape content so it matches each reader's focus. Keeping your audience in mind throughout the writing process can be challenging, and this proposal course will offer skills and guidance along the way to make sure you are always addressing your reader appropriately.2. OrganizationYou already know what elements your proposal needs, but how should you structure it? Our training will teach you the proper way to organize and structure your proposal logically so each point builds on each other and the overall argument is clea r and compelling to the reader.A very common error is starting a proposal with an introduction to your company and why you are suited to solve this audience's needs. That never works. Do not open a proposal with information about your company or service. Instead, focus on the client's need and problem. This confirms to your potential client that you understand their business and their need.3. ToneMastering the tone of your proposal is key to making sure your document is easily understood by your audience. If you are presenting a proposal to a financial firm, for example, your tone needs to be careful and exact. If you were to use tone that is too casual to this financial firm, you won't win the business. Conversely, if your proposal is to an avant-garde marketing firm, you would not want tone to be too formal. This training will teach you how to modify your tone depending on your audience so you will always come across as competent and compelling without confusing or off-putting you r reader. And, you'll learn how to avoid industry jargon and language bloat. We understand that writing is a constant process of learning and practicing. That's why we offer plenty of opportunities to practice writing proposals throughout the course. You submit incremental exercises, that build to a final proposal. And, you will receive help and feedback from your instructor throughout the writing process. A writing coach reviews your final proposal with you, live via WebEx. By the end of the course you will have the tools and skills you need to maximize your success when it comes to writing proposals. Learn more about proposal writing training.

Breast cancer- human diease- epidemiology Dissertation

Breast cancer- human diease- epidemiology - Dissertation Example The term ‘cancer’ refers to an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, which are known as malignant cells that proliferate until they form a tumour, which is an abnormal mass of tissue or can be described as a swelling. This causes the malignant cells to break away from the tumour and travel through blood or the lymphatic system to other organs such as the lungs, where the uncontrolled growth cycle repeats itself. The report of a working group to the Department of Health defines breast cancer as a â€Å"primary malignant neoplasm of the breast excluding those arising from connective tissue† (Breast Cancer: Report of a Working Group to the Department of Health, 2000). This being a major problem that affects a considerable percentage of the population, it gains significance as a public health issue and needs to be addressed from that perspective. In this context, the following data published by the NHS, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, appended below in ta bulated form, is relevant: Country No of Registrations (1998) Incidence: Crude Rate Per 100,000 (1998) No of Deaths (2000) Mortality: Crude Rate Per 100,000 (2000) England 32,908 131.0 10,609 41.9 Wales 1,914 128.05 731 48.7 (Guidance on Cancer Care Services: Improving Outcomes in Breast Cancer, 2002). ... Thus, the data reveals that the problem of breast cancer, though it affects female population largely, has to be recognized as a serious public health problem. Detailed region-wise graphical data has been appended as Annexure-I to VI to this paper. The Information Centre for Health and Social Care of the NHS has published data relating to current status of breast screening programmes in heir publication titled, Breast Screening Programme, England 2009-10 as under: (Breast Screening Programme, England 2009-10, 2011) From the above it transpires that 76.9 women in England, who fall within the age group of 53-70, have undergone the screening process for checking breast cancer. On the other hand, the percentage in London shows a downward trend at 67%. Remaining regions also show the rates around 80. While this is a good percentage, considering the issue’s relevance as a major social problem, efforts need to be made to provide coverage to more women through such programmes. The rep ort further projects data for 2002-2010, with the breakup of women into three categories based on age, as under: (Breast Screening Programme, England 2009-10, 2011) From this data, it emerges that the coverage for women in the age group of 53-64 has varied by a mere 1.1% from 76.1 in 2002 to 77.2 in 2010, while that of women 65-70 has increased considerably by 44.5% from 31.7 in 2002 to 76.2 in 2010. The average coverage of both groups put together registers an increase of 16.4% from 63.5 in 2002 to 76.9 in 2010. Thus, the overall trend is encouraging while there is still scope for including more women in the purview of breast screening programmes. This growth of cancer is classified as metastatic spread as the cancer cells leave an area and form a tumour in another body

Understand the sources of finance available to a business Assignment

Understand the sources of finance available to a business - Assignment Example External sources of funds are of two categories based on nature of the find like debt finance and equity finance. Internal sources of finance are owner’s personal savings, retained profits, working capital, suppliers’ credit and sale of assets. External sources of finance are debt finance and equity finance. Under debt finance, important sources are debentures, bank loan, bank overdraft, fire-purchase, grant, lease, venture capital, invoice discounting, factoring, and angle investors. Sources of finance under equity finance category are ordinary shares and preference share. Again, various sources under internal and external categories can also be categorized by another important parameter i.e. tenure or duration. These are long term, medium term and short term sources of finance. Long term sources of finance are equity shares, preference shares, retained profit, debentures or bonds, loan from private and public institutions, venture capital, asset selling etc. Medium te rm sources of finance are preference shares, debentures or bonds, loan from term deposits, loan from financial institutions, lease financing or hire purchase financing, foreign currency bonds and commercial borrowings. Short term sources of finance are trade credit, differed income, suppliers’ credit, customers’ advances, certificate of deposits and public deposits etc. Assessment the implications of the different sources Internal sources of fund: These are the most preferable sources of finance of any business. Internal sources are used at start up or even for expansion of business. Businesses do not have obligation to pay any interest or refund of this sources as internal sources belongs the businesses only. Therefore risk is less in these categories of sources. The businesses... Understand the sources of finance available to a business This paper will qualitatively address different sub-areas of this topic like assessing various source of finance; control, bankruptcy and legal implications of those sources; in-depth analysis of financial implications and tax effects; selection of appropriate source of finance for various projects. This paper mainly consists of qualitative discussion on these four areas. Identifying different sources of finance available to a business Finance is very much essential for a new as well as an existing business. Efficient financing is also essential in all stages of a business. Finance is required for business development, business operation and business expansion. Finance is core limiting factor to any business and hence, it is crucial a business to manage its financial resources strategically and efficiently. There are various sources of finance available to a business at different benefit and cost. Therefore, it is important for a company to choose most suitable source of finance base d on its requirement and potential to optimally utilize the resources to generate adequate return. Financing for short term projects should be done from medium term financing like bank loan, issuing of preference shares, debentures etc. Long term projects or business acquisitions can be done from issuing ordinary shares. Debt financing should be neglected for long term investments.