Criminological Theory and Sanctions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Criminological Theory and Sanctions - Essay Example Perceived net benefit, therefore, motivates a criminal behavior. Routine activities theory further explains interaction of motivation from perceived net benefits with presence of a vulnerable target and absence of guidance. Occurrence of a crime within these frameworks would therefore define a normal criminal activity and support normal sanction codes but not an occurrence outside frameworks, which should require a different consideration in determining a sanction. A criminal activity in which perceived cost is far above perceived benefits or one that is conducted in full presence of a guardian and on non-vulnerable target identifies factors that may require lesser sanctions. This is because of possible biological, social, and psychological complications into criminal behavior that requires different approaches to prevention of criminal activities based on causes. Remedying behavior caused by genetic problems, for example, require biological initiatives that are not the same for init iatives for social or psychological dependent behavior (Bryant 144-

A Glorious Defeat Essay Example for Free

A Glorious Defeat Essay In this book, Timothy J. Henderson examines the origins, outcomes, and modern-day consequences of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). A Glorious Defeat is organized around two central questions: why did Mexico go to war with the United States in 1846 and why did the war go so badly for Mexico? Henderson does provide the answers to these questions, based on the reader having some knowledge of the expansionist history that the US partook in with its southern neighbors, but who are â€Å"far less certain why Mexico went to war with the United States† (xviii). Henderson provides this book to as a means to correct the current Anglo-centric literature that circulates America, in which blames Mexico for its own losses â€Å"because they were proud to the point of delusion, arrogantly overestimating their own strength† (xviii). He states that it is fair and adequate to state that neither side of the battle is to blame, when in fact stemmed from the weakness of the Mexican nation, not by the aggressive nature of the US. The fact is Mexico was not the thriving and well established US; it was a meek and frail nation. The US, after the annexation of Texas, saw Mexico with the government’s bonds to the northern states and own political standings, as a challenge that can be devoured by the victorious nation. There was also Mexico’s own acknowledgement of its nations weakness that drove the political leaders to engage in a war with an obvious superior nation, in attempts to gain power and defend its honor. War with the United States gave Mexican leaders the opportunity to â€Å"indulge in the illusion† that the nation was not rent by economic, ethnic, and geographic divisions, but was insteadâ€Å" resolute and united against a foreign foe† (191). Henderson attempts to â€Å"understand Mexico’s weakness and how that weakness helped land it in a war with the United States,† relying heavily on evidence of Mexico’s disadvantages in comparison to the vitality and abundance of the United States (xix). In order to demonstrate the historical, demographic, and geographic weaknesses that hindered the Mexican nation from the beginning, Henderson contrasts the Mexican and US colonial legacies, ethnic compositions, routes to independence, and geographic landscapes. This methodology allows Henderson to move through complex histories at a fast, easy clip, while staying faithful to his organizing principles of Mexico’s inherent weaknesses and the United States’ inescapable victory. His explanation on the geographic landscape demonstrates the complications that Mexico faced with chasms and volcanic mountains and lack of natural features, such as rivers, to provide an easy transit. He also brings the similarities of the colonial connections between Mexico and the US. Yet due to Spain’s â€Å"medieval† influence empowered a Mexican elite who â€Å"clung† to the traditional rights, inherited privileges, and material inequalities that they believed were established by God and the church (4-5). The US, in contrast, was formed and led by men steeped in the theories of the Enlightenment and who favored reason, progress, change, individualism, merit, equality, and a just social contract. While literacy in the US grew and advanced improved the nation and brought them together, Mexico fought the boundaries of both class and race. â€Å"In Mexico there is not, nor is there a possibility of developing, a national spirit, because there is no nation† (12). The Indians in the United States, however, were â€Å"too scattered, weak, and unorganized to put up successful resistance, leaving them vulnerable to ruthlessly efficient extermination or relocation at the hands of whites† (5). With the Mexican mind set being the most present figure within this book, Henderson makes a psychological impact by describing the founders of the US republic as being â€Å"enlightened,† â€Å"liberal,’ and vigorous† and their politics â€Å"assertive† and â€Å"robust† (5, 12) with respect to the expansionist ideals. Where as Mexico and Mexicans are described in another light with references to a holocaust and â€Å"violent and traumatic.† Spaniards were â€Å"brutal and callous,† and Spanish law a â€Å"chaotic jumble† (7, 10, 13). As Henderson weaves the imagery of a very defenseless nation and the precognition of defeat and lose for Mexico, the political spectrum is placed into sight as he examines the encounter with Hidalgo and states the indigenous people were â€Å"indulg[ing] themselves in an orgy of looting, pillaging, murder and mutilation,’ forcing he stance towards independent Creoles like Hidalgo to â€Å"gaze into the maw of barbarism† (20). The images placed forth are very descriptive to create a savage stance, one based on no type of foundation to rely on and lack of morals to guide in the past events. It is no surprise to know how the Mexican nation was to be viewed in response to the Texas Revolution and the US invasion, but then again if there is any type of conflict even within the US, there is always going to be an altercation and one side that is left to feel threated, provoked, and aggression towards that entity. Flowing through the history, with Santa Anna leading Mexican troops against the Texas disaffiliation, the battle was fought with â€Å"vagabonds, Indians and criminals† to turn the tide in favor of Mexico, and again against the US roughly a decade later could be categorized as â€Å"ragged† (93, 106). Where is the difference in these categorizations and the gorilla tactics that the US has employed, I think the only difference is the US was more eager for battle and defense, where the Mexican nation was still in its finest hour of rejoice in figuring out the new nations formation. Many have stated Santa Anna as being a â€Å"tyrant† who you could say founded the gorilla ideology by demonstrating â€Å"brutality† and â€Å"cruelty† as he â€Å"slaughtered prisoners at the Alamo and engaged in other â€Å"butcheries† in response to the Anglo-American soldiers and settlers (92, 96, 97, 99, 101). But on the contrary, General Scott was â€Å"gifted in both the military arts and those of diplomacy† and â€Å"carefully cultivated the good will of the people† (168). Is this choice in words to further the animosity towards the US historical figures? In reading Henderson’s A Glorious Defeat, the views are as apparent as the title. You know you are expecting to encounter a novel that is from the Mexican standpoint. To sum up the entire book, Henderson himself put it exceptionally well. â€Å"Certainly it’s not hard to find examples of Mexican bluster and bellicosity, but the great irony and tragedy of the war is the fact that nearly all Mexicans in a position to make decisions realized full well that entering a war with the United States was folly and that Mexico’s loss was a foregone conclusion† (188). Doubtless to say, any novel with respect to one perspective, is going to have that bias projected upon the audience. I will mention, among this analysis of his work, I enjoyed the novel, due to usually hearing the typical US version of encounters; however, I believe this novel would have been made superior to the norm, by inviting the opposing council and having a mixed novel, kind of bringing the view o f a slave and the slave owner within the same realm. This would invite the ultimate view between both sides.

Psychological and Social Characteristic of Juvenile Offenders Essay

However, social interactions and socialization theories also have been a popular way to reason criminal behaviour. The followers of routine activity stated that if a child learns that for example stealing is one way to get what they want, they will do it again. All they need is motivation, suitable target and absence of guardians. At this point, we might notice a link with the above mentioned reasons (absence of father, or lack of loving treatment in family) which indicates that there is no one commonly accepted reason or special background what predicts criminal behaviour but it is a complex situation effected by a lot of complementary circumstances. In the following, the focus will fall on an analysis of a forensic psychological reports prepared for juvenile offenders and other reports of the characteristic of juvenile offenders. Presenting these results may help us to decide whether the previously mentioned reasons behind criminal behaviour comply or not. I am well-aware of the fa ct that is far not representative or not even close to decide the discussion about the psychological background of juvenile offenders but might be a good step to start. 2. Empirical researches of juvenile offenders Psychological reports are commonly requested by juvenile courts throughout the world to assist in determining the most appropriate options for juvenile offenders. The written report is the major vehicle for psychologists to communicate their assessment procedures, findings and recommendations. In 2003, Anthony Thompson and Megan Webster embarked upon to analyse 81 forensic psychological court reports on juvenile offenders. The results have shown that almost all of the young people who were ordered for assessment experienced multiple problem... ... and delinquency. They concluded that â€Å"proportionately more adjudicated delinquent children than public school children were learning disabled,† although self-report data indicated no significant differences in the incidence of delinquent activity. 3. Conclusion The aim of this short paper was to present different theoretical approaches and then tests them on empirical results and facts. Altogether we saw that there is no one coherent and eternal reason with which one could reason the criminal activity, however, a few factors such as broken family, lack of education and other different circumstances might contribute to criminal behaviour. This topic and further researches are highly relevant and desirable in order to create and maintain an efficient crime prevention system, which reacts to the possible risk factors and divert children from dangerous situations.

Sweatshop Labor: Wearing Thin Essay example -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For most people in the United States, the term â€Å"slave to fashion† relates to an individual’s desire always to be wearing the latest fashions from trendy clothing lines. In a twist of supreme irony, the designation applies much more literally to the legions of poverty-stricken sweatshop laborers worldwide who toil away under miserable conditions to produce the snappy apparel that Americans purchase in droves on a daily basis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conditioned by a media that places considerable emphasis on possessing a stylish wardrobe, the majority of U.S. consumers are far too awash in their own culture -- one that is notorious for the value it places on material wealth -- to be sensitive to the plight of these indigent foreigners. And although the US media’s fleeting scrutiny of sweatshop conditions five years ago did make the issue a greater part of the national consciousness than ever before, not enough people changed their buying habits as a result -- or at least not enough to make a dent in the all-important bottom line of guilty corporations. Indeed, major American retailers of clothing and other apparel products have not changed this despotic element of their business practices in the least despite the negative publicity; in fact, they continue to exploit laborers in foreign, mostly Third-World countries to an alarming degree.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The scope of the problem is such that hundreds of residents in a town as small and isolated as Santa Cruz have at some point been employed in sweatshops in impoverished nations. Santa Cruz resident Lorenzo Hernandez endured years of mistreatment at a Doall Enterprises factory in El Salvador before immigrating with his wife and two sons to Santa Cruz in September, 2000. He now works full-time as a cook at Tony and Alba’s Pizza in Scotts Valley, and while he scarcely earns above minimum wage in his current position, it represents a substantial improvement to the abject conditions under which he labored for so many years in his home country. â€Å"They treated us very badly (in El Salvador),† Hernandez said. â€Å"I earned not enough to live on. My family could only buy two shirts and pants (per person), and we were always hungry. I worked 14, 16 hours a day but still did not make enough.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hernandez speaks and moves with the languor of a man... ...ation or escape in religion. Fittingly, while more affluent people in the United States disregard the reality of sweatshop labor because they are preoccupied with trying to sport cutting-edge fashions, the people of Ciudad Juarez seek to disguise their realities because they are so painful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Faced with such unsettling tales of human suffering, Saganovich remains resolute: â€Å"Wal-Mart is simply looking out for its best interests, and this alleged mistreatment of foreign laborers isn’t anywhere near as bad as a lot of people make it out to be. The people who are speaking out so strongly against us are little more than a type of propagandists with their own agendas. Nobody forces anyone to work anywhere, and a lot of them are coming to America and making better lives for themselves.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hernandez is one of a relatively small number of lucky immigrants who have realized a greater level of wealth and comfort in the States, but he will never forget the anguish his previous jobs brought him and his compatriots. â€Å"It’s great, I can afford clothes and food here now,† he said. â€Å"But I try to buy from stores (that) don’t have sweatshops.†

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) Essay

1. Introduction: To accelerate the progress of sanitation in rural areas, Government of India is implementing from 1.4.2012, the ‘Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA)’, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme [earlier Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)]. Similarly, to provide drinking water to rural population in adequate quantity, the Govt. of India is implementing a centrally sponsored Scheme called the National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP). New Delhi: The union cabinet Wednesday gave its approval for restructuring of â€Å"Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan†Ã¢â‚¬  into â€Å"Swachh Bharat Mission†. The programme is aimed at creating a clean India by 2019 with people’s participation. â€Å"The cabinet has approved the Swachh Bharat Mission,† union Law Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad said here after a cabinet meeting chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Prasad said the mission will be launched Oct 2, the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. The prime minister has been striving to make the mission a mass movement. The cabinet also approved a â€Å"Swachh Bharat Mission† for urban areas, which will be part of a joint â€Å"Swachh Bharat Mission† which has another component for rural areas. The drinking water and sanitation ministry will implement the programme in rural areas while the urban development ministry will do the same in urban areas. â€Å"The ‘Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan’ will be restructured into the ‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ with two sub-missions – ‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ (rural) and ‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ (urban). Budgetary provisions for the two sub-missions will be provided separately in the demand for grant of the ministries of drinking water and sanitation (for rural) and ministry of urban development (for urban),† an official statement said. â€Å"I take this pledge that I will remain committed towards cleanliness and devote time for this. I will devote 100 hours per year — that is two hours per week — to voluntary work for cleanliness. I will neither litter nor let others litter. I will initiate the quest for cleanliness with myself, my  family, my locality, my village and my work place. I believe that the countries of the world that appear clean are so because their citizens don’t indulge in littering nor do they allow it to happen. With this firm belief, I will propagate the message of Swachh Bharat Mission in villages and towns. I will encourage 100 other persons to take this pledge which I am taking today. I will endeavour to make them devote their 100 hours for cleanliness. I am confident that every step I take towards cleanliness will help in making my country clean.† – Narendra Modi 2. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: The present goal under NBA is to achieve 100% access to sanitation for all rural households by 2022. Under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA), the Goal is now pre-phoned to make India Open Defecation Free (ODF) India by 2019 by construction of individual, cluster & community toilets; and villages will be kept clean, including through solid and liquid waste management through Gram Panchayats. Water pipelines have to be laid to all villages enabling tap connection into households on demand by 2019. In this matter, co-operation and convergence of all Ministries, Central & State schemes, CSR & bilateral/multilateral assistance may become necessary as well as new &innovative ways of funding such interventions. In a federal set-up like ours, where sanitation and water are state subjects, it is all the more important that states take the initiative to complete all activities to achieve Swachh Bharat by 2019 by dove-tailing all schemes – Central or State. Swachh Bharat Mission: Facts and Figures Project Cost: Rs. 1,96,009 crore Project Start Date: 2nd October 2014 Project Estimated End Date: 2nd October 2019 Ministries Involved in Project: Ministry of rural development, ministry of urban development, ministry of drinking water and sanitation, Public Sector Undertakings ( PSUs), corporations, NGOs, state governments etc. Purpose of Project: To make India a filth-free country in five years, to construct community and public toilets in rural and urban areas, to provide running water supply, to treat waste water, to keep roads, pavements and localities clean etc. 3. BACKGROUND: 3.1 Individual Health and hygiene is largely dependent on adequate availability of drinking water and Proper sanitation. There is, therefore, a direct relationship between water, sanitation and health. Consumption of unsafe drinking water, improper disposal of human excreta, improper environmental Sanitation and lack of personal and food hygiene have been major causes of many diseases in Developing countries. India is no exception to this. Government started the Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) in 1986 primarily with the objective of improving the quality of life of the rural People and also to provide privacy and dignity to women. 3.2 The concept of sanitation was expanded to include personal hygiene, home sanitation, safe water, Garbage disposal, excreta disposal and waste water disposal. With this broader concept of sanitation, CRSP adopted a â€Å"demand driven† approach with the name â€Å"Total Sanitation Campaign† (TSC) with effect From 1999. The revised approach emphasized more on Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Human Resource Development, Capacity Development activities to increase awareness among the rural people and generation of demand for sanitary facilities. This enhanced people’s capacity to Choose appropriate options through alternate delivery mechanisms as per their economic condition. The Programme was implemented with focus on community-led and people centred initiatives. Financial incentives were provided to Below Poverty Line (BPL) households for construction and usage of Individual household latrines (IHHL) in recognition of their achievements. Assistance was also extended for construction of school toilet units, Anganwadi toilets and Community Sanitary Complexes (CSC) apart From undertaking activities under Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM). 3.3 To give a fillip to the TSC, Government of India also launched the Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP) that Sought to recognise the achievements and efforts made in ensuring full sanitation coverage. The award Gained immense  popularity and contributed effectively in bringing about a movement in the community for attaining the Nirmal Status thereby significantly adding to the achievements made for increasing the Sanitation coverage in the rural areas of the country. 3.4 Encouraged by the success of NGP, the TSC is being renamed as â€Å"Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan† (NBA). The Objective is to accelerate the sanitation coverage in the rural areas so as to comprehensively cover the rural community through renewed strategies and saturation approach. Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) envisages covering the entire community for saturated outcomes with a view to create Nirmal Gram Panchayats with following priorities: Provision of Individual Household Latrine (IHHL) of both Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Identified above Poverty Line (APL) households within a Gram Panchayat (GP). Gram Panchayats where all habitations have access to water to be taken up. Priority May be given to Gram Panchayats having functional piped water supply, Provision of sanitation facilities in Government Schools and Anganwadis in Government Buildings within these GPs Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) for proposed and existing Nirmal Grams Extensive capacity building of the stake holders like Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) and field functionaries for Sustainable sanitation. Appropriate convergence with MNREGS with unskilled man-days and skilled man-days 4. OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of the NBA are as under: a) Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas. b) Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the vision of Nirmal Bharat by 2022 with all gram Panchayats in the country attaining Nirmal status. c) Motivate communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions promoting sustainable sanitation facilities through awareness creation and health education. d) To cover the remaining schools not covered under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and Anganwadi Centres in the rural areas with proper sanitation facilities and undertake proactive promotion of Hygiene education and sanitary habits among students. e) Encourage cost  effective and appropriate technologies for ecologically safe and sustainable Sanitation. f) Develop community managed environmental sanitation systems focusing on solid & liquid waste Management for overall cleanliness in the rural areas. 5. STRATEGY: The strategy is to transform rural India into ‘Nirmal Bharat’ by adopting the ‘community led’ and ‘People centred’ strategies and community saturation approach. A â€Å"demand driven approach† is to be continued with emphasis on awareness creation and demand generation for sanitary facilities in houses, Schools and for cleaner environment. Alternate delivery mechanisms would be adopted to meet the Community needs. The provision of incentives for individual household latrine units to the poorest of the poor households has been widened to cover the other needy households too so as to attain Community outcomes. Availability of water in the Gram Panchayat shall be an important factor for sustaining sanitation facilities created. Rural School Sanitation remains a major component and an entry Point for wider acceptance of sanitation by the rural people. Wider technology options are being provided to meet the customer preferences and location- specific needs. Intensive IEC Campaign is the Corner stone of the programme involving Panchayati Raj Institutions, Co-operatives, ASHA, Anganwadi Workers, Women Groups, Self Help Groups, and NGOs etc. A roadmap for engagement of corporate houses is being introduced. More transparent system involving social audit and active people’s participation in the implementation process of NBA is being introduced. Convergence with MNREGS shall also be Important to facilitate the rural households with fund availability for creating their own sanitation Facilities. 6. IMPLEMENTATION: The Guidelines of NBA and the provisions hereunder are applicable with effect from 01.04.2012. Implementation of NBA is proposed with ‘Gram Panchayat ‘as the base unit. A project proposal that Emanates from a district is scrutinized and consolidated by the State Government and transmitted to The Government of India (Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation) as a State Plan. NBA is to be Implemented in phases with start-up activities. Funds are  to be made available for preliminary IEC work. The physical implementation gets oriented towards satisfying the felt-needs, wherein individual Households choose from a menu of options for their household latrines. The built-in flexibility in the Menu of options gives the poor and the disadvantaged families opportunity for subsequent up gradation Depending upon their requirements and financial position. In the â€Å"campaign approach†, a synergistic Interaction between the Government agencies and other stakeholders is essential. To bring about the desired behavioural changes for relevant sanitary practices, intensive IEC and advocacy, with Participation of NGOs/ Panchayati Raj Institutions/resource organizations is envisaged. NBA will be implemented with a district as the project. The States/UTs are expected to Prepare/revise NBA Projects for all the districts, consolidate at State level as State Plan and submit Before the Government of India. 7. COMPONENTS OF NBA The Programme components and activities for NBA implementation are as follows: (a) Start-Up Activities: The start-up activities include a. Conducting of preliminary survey to assess the status of sanitation and hygiene practices. b. Base line survey. c. Orientation of key personnel at the district/GP level. d. Preparation of State Plan. The cost of Start-up activities will be met from the IEC funds up to Rs. 10 Lakh. Additional fund. Requirement, if any, shall be met by the State. (b) IEC Activities: Information, Education and Communication (IEC) are important components of the Programme. These intend to trigger the demand for sanitary facilities in the rural areas for households, schools, Anganwadis and Community Sanitary Complexes through behavioural change. The activities carried out under these components should be area specific and should also involve all sections of the rural Population. IEC is not a one-time activity. IEC  strategy and plan to be drawn to include creation of Demand leading to construction and use in a sustained manner. IEC should be conducted at all tiers i.e. Districts, Blocks and Gram Panchayat. A national communication strategy framework has been developed by Government of India giving Emphasis on Inter Personal Communication (IPC) at the grassroots level. The states are to evolve their own strategy using folk media, mass media and also outdoor media like wall painting, hoarding etc. The IEC should also focus on health and hygiene practices and environmental sanitation aspects. Interpersonal communication and door to door to door contact are recognised as the most Significant tools for attaining the programme goals. In order to strengthen communication machinery at the village level with participatory social mobilization, guidelines for engagement of village level Motivators (Swachchhata Doot / Sanitation Messengers) have been issued separately. As part of this Strategy, in addition to Swachchhata Doots, field functionaries like Bharat Nirman Volunteers, ASHA, Anganwadi workers, School Teachers etc. can also be engaged at the village level for demand creation and taking up behaviour change communication. The motivator can be given suitable incentive from the Funds earmarked for IEC. The incentive will be performance based i.e. in terms of motivating the Number of households and schools/ Anganwadis to construct latrines and use them. Each project district should prepare a detailed IEC plan along with the Annual Action Plan with Defined strategies to reach all sections of the community. The aim of such a communication plan is to motivate rural people to adopt hygiene behaviour as a way of life and thereby develop and maintain all Facilities created under the programme. The Annual IEC Action Plan should be duly approved by the DWSC/DWSM. The Communication and Capacity Development Units (CCDUs) / Water and Sanitation Support Organisations (WSSOs) set up at the state level must support the districts in developing a good IEC plan and also in implementing it. Observance of Sanitation Day/ Sanitation Week / Sanitation Fortnight should be essential component of the Annual Action Plan. For effective dissemination of the IEC material, funds may also be provided under this component To blocks and gram Panchayats for execution of works. The development of such material executed by the Panchayats may be standardized by the district or the CCDU. The IEC funds should be broadly divided into pre Nirmal and Post- Nirmal phase so as to have Funds for sustaining the movement. The project districts, however, shall have the flexibility of deciding this division depending on the baseline survey reports and rate of acceleration of sanitation coverage. Funds available under IEC may be used for imparting hygiene education to the rural communities, General public, as well as children in schools. The IEC plan should include a component for rising Awareness among school going children, teachers and PTAs. IEC funding will be in the ratio of 80:20 between GOI and the State Governments and the total IEC Cost including start up grant will be limited to 15% of the total project cost. (c) Capacity Building: This component is for training of VWSC and PRI members, block and district functionaries and Grass root functionaries like ASHA and other health, education and related functionaries, Anganwadi Workers etc. SHGs can be trained in trades such as masonry work, brick-making, toilet pan making and Plumbing etc. as also for awareness raising activities. NGOs/CBOs of repute can be engaged for this Activity. State Resource Centres and Regional / District Resource Centres should be identified for Conducting such trainings. Capacity building funding will be in the ratio of 80:20 between GOI and the State Governments and will be limited to 2% of the IEC budget. (d) Construction of Individual Household Latrines: A duly completed household sanitary latrine shall comprise of a Toilet Unit  including a super Structure. The programme is aimed to cover all the rural families. Incentive as provided under the Scheme may be extended to all Below Poverty Line (BPL) Households and Above Poverty Line Households (APL) restricted to SCs/STs, small and marginal farmers, landless labourers with homestead, physically handicapped and women headed households. The construction of household toilets should be undertaken by the household itself and on completion and use of the toilet; the cash incentive can be given to the household in recognition of its achievement. The incentive amount to Below Poverty Line (BPL) household/identified APLs for construction of one unit of IHHL shall be Rs.4600.00n (Rs.5100.00 for difficult and hilly areas). The central share out of this shall be Rs.3200.00 (Rs.3700.00 in case of hilly and difficult areas) and State Government share shall Be Rs.1400.00. Minimum beneficiary share shall be Rs.900.00 in cash or labour. State Governments are allowed the flexibility to provide higher incentive for a household toilet, of the same or higher unit costs from their own funds. All houses constructed with the central or/and state assistance should invariably Have suitable sanitation facility as an integral part. However, all houses constructed by the beneficiaries Under Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) or any other state rural housing scheme which did not have toilets shall also be eligible for the incentive as above for creation of sanitation facilities for the targeted groups Under NBA. APL families not covered by the above incentives will take up construction of the household Latrines on their own through motivation. The IEC activities will provide comprehensive coverage to all the families in the GP without exceptions. APL families facing cash crunch may access the revolving fund as outlined in the guidelines. Construction of bucket latrines is not permitted in the rural areas. The existing bucket latrines, if any, should be converted to sanitary latrines and the sharing pattern for incentive for the targeted Beneficiaries shall be identical to that of construction of individual house hold latrines. Ministry of Rural Development notification Number S.O.l022 (E) dated  04.05.2012 regarding Convergence of TSC with MNREGS will be mutatis mutandis applicable for convergence with NBA. (e) Rural Sanitary Marts and Production Centers: The Rural Sanitary Mart is an outlet dealing with the materials, hardware and designs required for The construction of sanitary latrines, soakage and compost pits, vermi-composting, washing platforms, Certified domestic water filters and other sanitation & hygiene accessories required. RSMs should Ensure that a variety of pans (ceramic, mosaic, HDP, fiberglass) are available for choice by the Beneficiaries. RSM should necessarily have those items, which are required as a part of the sanitation Package. It is a commercial venture with a social objective. The main aim of having a RSM is to provide Materials, services and guidance needed for constructing different types of latrines and other sanitary Facilities for a clean environment. Production Centers are the means to produce cost effective affordable Sanitary materials at the local level. They could be independent or part of the RSMs. The Production Centers/Rural Sanitary Marts could be opened and operated by SHGs / women Organizations/Panchayats/NGOs etc. Support of private entrepreneurs may also be taken for ensuring An effective supply chain. DWSM/DWSC should have a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the RSMs/PCs along with A system of joint monitoring evolved to ensure that the RSMs & PCs are on track with production plans As per requirement. RSMs should have a method of quality certification of its products and a band of Trained masons and motivators. Quality standards (where notified by BIS or by MoDWS) for each of the items of purchase should Be strictly adhered to. An interest free loan up to Rs.3.5 lakh can be given for establishing RSM/PC out of revolving fund Available with the district. In case more RSMs are required, a maximum of up to Rs.35 Lakh from the Revolving Fund can be utilized for this purpose. Loans from the revolving fund for RSM/PC shall be Recovered in 12-18 instalments after one year from the date of receiving the  loan. (f) Provision of Revolving Fund in the District The revolving fund may be given to Cooperative Societies or Self Help Groups whose Creditworthiness is established, for providing cheap finance to their members. Loan from this fund Should be recovered in 12-18 instalments. NBA projects will have the flexibility to decide the other Terms and conditions for sanction of the revolving fund. This revolving fund can be accessed by APL Households not covered for incentives under the guidelines. Loan can also be given to the owner of the Household where Anganwadi centre is located for construction of baby friendly toilet provided the ICDS Authorities agree to refund the loan from the rent paid to the house owner. 5% of the District project Outlay subject to a sum of up to Rs.50 Lakh, can be used as revolving fund. The revolving fund is shared Between Centre and State on an 80:20 basis. (g) Community Sanitary Complex: Community Sanitary Complex is an integral component of the NBA. These Complexes, comprising An appropriate number of toilet seats, bathing cubicles, washing platforms, Wash basins etc., can be set Up in a place in the village acceptable and accessible to all. Ordinarily such complexes should be Constructed only when there is lack of space in the village for construction of household toilets and the Community owns up the responsibility of their operation and maintenance. The ultimate aim is to Ensure construction of maximum IHHLs and construction of community complexes will be restricted to Only when IHHLs cannot be constructed, for whatever reason, and also teach the community of â€Å"Hygiene practices†. The maintenance of such complexes is very essential for which Gram Panchayat Should own the ultimate responsibility. User families may be asked to contribute a reasonable monthly User charge for cleaning & maintenance. The proposal for putting up CSC will be approved by the National Scheme Sanctioning Committee (NSSC). Such complexes can also be made at public places, Markets, etc. where large scale congregation of people takes place. Suitable maintenance guidelines May be adopted by the community to ensure proper maintenance of the complex. Maximum unit cost prescribed for a community sanitary complex is up to Rs.2 lakh. Sharing Pattern amongst Central Government, State Government and the community is in the ratio of 60:30:10. The community contribution, however, can be made by the Panchayat out of its own resources, from Grants of the Thirteenth Finance Commission or from any other fund of the State duly permitted by it. (h) Institutional Toilets: Children could be a good channel to influence parents to adopt proper sanitary habits. Children are More receptive to new ideas. Schools/Anganwadis are appropriate institutions for changing the Behaviour, mind-set and habits of children from open defecation to the use of lavatory through Motivation and education. School Toilets: Toilets in all types of Government Schools should be constructed. Emphasis should be given to Toilets for Girls in Schools. Toilet should provide access opportunity to children with special needs. A Toilet unit consists of a toilet and minimum of two urinals. Separate toilet units for girls and boys should Be provided in all co-educational schools, which are to be treated as two separate units and each unit is Entitled to Central assistance. The number of toilet units to be constructed should be adequate to meet The requirements of the school as per the strength of the students attending the school. State/UT Governments, Parent-Teachers Association and Panchayats are free to contribute from their own Resources over and above the prescribed amount. In addition to creation of hardware in the schools, it is essential that hygiene education is imparted To the children on all aspects of hygiene. For this purpose, at least one teacher in each school must be Trained in hygiene education who in turn should train the children through interesting activities and Community projects that emphasize hygiene behaviour. The expenditure for this purpose can be met From the IEC fund earmarked for the project. The district and Panchayat implementing agencies should Ensure  good coordination with Department of Education and Health & other partners in order to fulfil The objective of SSHE i.e. to provide a safe, healthy learning environment to all children. The Central assistance per unit will be restricted to 70 percent for a unit cost of Rs.35,000 (Rs.38,500 in case of hilly and difficult areas). Funding for School Sanitation in a NBA Project is provided By the Central and State Government in the ratio of 70:30. Anganwadi Toilets: In order to in still the practice of using a toilet in children from very early stage in life, it is essential That Anganwadis are used as a platform of behaviour change for the children as well as the mothers. For This purpose, each Anganwadi should be provided with a baby friendly toilet. Since there are a large Number of Anganwadis operating from private premises, following strategy may be adopted: a) In all the Anganwadis, which are in Government buildings, baby friendly toilets should be Constructed from the NBA funds provided. b) In those Anganwadis, which are in private buildings, the owner must be asked to construct The toilet as per design, and, he/she may be allowed to charge enhanced rent for the Building to recover the cost of construction. c) Alternatively, the toilet may be constructed from revolving fund component under the NBA And, suitable deductions made from the monthly rental paid to the owner to recover the Cost over a period of time. Unit cost of a toilet shall be up to Rs.8,000 (Rs.10,000 in case of hilly and difficult areas) for each Anganwadi in the rural areas. Financial assistance to be given by Government of India will be restricted To Rs.5,600 (Rs.7,000 in case of hilly and difficult areas). Additional expenses can be met by the State Government, Panchayats or funds from Thirteenth Finance Commission, MPLADS, MLALADS, MNREGS Etc. Construction of Anganwadi toilets is to be prioritised in the 200 high focused districts to assist in Tackling the issue of malnutrition. All government buildings constructed with financial support of the Centre must have appropriate Sanitation facilities under the respective schemes as an integral component of the scheme. This is Considered essential to achieve the vision of ‘NIRMAL BHARAT’.

Tensions in Relationships the Dialectical Perspective Essays

Tensions in Relationships the Dialectical Perspective Essays Tensions in Relationships the Dialectical Perspective Paper Tensions in Relationships the Dialectical Perspective Paper The Dialectical Perspective Name Fundamentals of Speech Professor Date The relational dialectics perspective is useful for understanding the ups and downs and sometimes illogical nature of interpersonal relationships. Developed by communication scholars Leslie Baxter, Barbara Montgomery and their colleagues, the dialectical perspective assumes that relationships keep changing. They are not maintained, but rather sustained through changing statuses. There are three sets of tensions that are common in relationships: integration-separation; stability-change; and expression-privacy. The first dialectic identified is integration – separation, more commonly known as autonomy versus connection. This is the tension in a relationship where either partner desires to be independent but also connected. The desire for different levels of autonomy and connection can generate friction in relationships. In the initial phase of the relationship we are like actors in a play trying to please the audience. But we cannot repress who we are for too long. Eventually we have to let our true selves show. An example of this is when a couple is in the beginning stages of the relationship, they are spending all of their time together and all is going fine. As time goes along either partner wants to start doing things independently. He/she wants to hang out with friends and have â€Å"alone time†. This can create tension in the relationship because the partner might not want to be left out. It is very common for the relationship to become strained at this point. It is a contrast from spending great amounts of time together; and either partner can feel betrayed. A solution for this would be for the couple to have an open discussion about the amount of time that they are willing and/or able to devote to each other on a daily basis. In a bonded relationship, both partners must be direct and honest about their expectations and needs. Other examples might be one partner likes to watch football all the time and can be consumed in it and the other hates sports. There needs to be a compromise made so that both partners get equal time at doing what they like to do while enjoying time with each other. Or, one relational partner is a social butterfly and the other is a social hermit. The point is that we do tend to get together with partners who will test our patience and force us to grow through finding ways to co-exist and resolving problems. The second dialectic identified is stability – change, more commonly known as predictability versus novelty. This refers to the tension in a relationship where either party of the relationship wants the stability of a relationship but at the same time wants to be able to enjoy spontaneity. The tension of predictability versus novelty can present itself in a couple of ways. First, many couples struggle to balance the tension between their need for stability and their desire for excitement. Getting tired of doing the â€Å"same old thing† is always going to be an issue in any relationship. Individuals that are involved in a developing relationship become comfortable with knowing what is going to happen next. However, always knowing what is going to happen next can become extremely boring. What can we do to spice up a relationship? We could easily change the routine a little bit. Do something that you don’t normally do together. If you normally don’t go out on dates – then go out on a date. If you normally don’t buy each other gifts – then buy a small gift every once in a while. If you normally don’t vacation – take a vacation together. Now, let us look at the relationship that is always unpredictable. These relationships are just as likely to be in trouble as the predictable ones. As a couple you also need to have stability in your life. What if you never knew where your relationship was headed? Being able to predict the status of your relationship is a good thing. Whichever relationship you have, working towards a healthy balance between predictability and novelty will help to maintain a healthy relationship. Second, in a new relationship, a relational partner will tend to overlook little nuances in the other partner. They will focus on the positive points about each other and look past the behaviors that they don’t like about each other. After time, we have difficulty accepting our partner’s flaws and will try to change them. Think about it this way – Am I acceptable the way I am? For every one thing that we would like to change about our partner, they equally have something that they would like to change about us. We need to learn that we cannot change people. But what we can change is our viewpoint. By changing our viewpoints, we can transform the way we see relationships. The third dialectic identified is expression – privacy, more commonly known as openness versus closedness. This refers to the tensions in a relationship where one party wants to be completely open and share everything with their partner while on the other hand the other partner feels that they should be able to keep some things private and to their selves. If two people in a relationship are different on this count, they will need to work hard and be proactive to manage this tension or this can become a deal breaker. The primary reason that two people in a relationship can’t get along is because of the past. As couples we need to learn to leave the past in the past and move forward into the present. Stay in the present; don’t start a new relationship dragging relational baggage into the new situation. Some people feel that they need to open up to their partner about every aspect of their lives. This is how they signify trust and become one entity; the couple. Others can feel that if they open up too much or reveal too much they may be judged or abandoned. This type of person feels that each person has a right to a certain degree of privacy, therefore, retaining some of his or her individuality. The goal here is to attain some sort of balance and avoid disagreements. These needs should be addressed in a normal tone of voice, without being demeaning or accusatory. In closing, what have we learned? We have learned that these three relational dialectics are simply put, communication. Poor communication is often the root of relationship problems. Neither partner can read the other partner’s mind, so without communication there is no hope for a harmonious relationship. Without communicating, you cannot make fair and balanced agreements about what does and does not work for both of you. Beebe, Steven A. , Susan J. Beebe and Diana K. Ivy. Communication Principles For A Lifetime. Boston: Allyn amp; Bacon, 2010. Jennie. Jens Love Lessons. 2011. 05 March 2012 lt;www. jenslovelessons. comgt;. Sutphen, Dick and Carol Morgan. Radical Relationship Resource. n. d. 03 March 2012 lt; radical-relationship-resource. com/index. phpgt;.

IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT part 2 essay

IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT part 2 essay IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT part 2 essay IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT part 2 essayIDENTITY DEVELOPMENT essayFinding one’s place in life  Proceeding with the research, there should be given some more examples concerning the education of black people on the basis of my personal experience. I was at the schools for a total of six years, and after that first year I put on other hats than just being the policeman. I worked closely with the school counselor, school social worker, and school psychologist.   I was content with my police career with helping others, but the school psychologist insisted I return to college and get my bachelors degree and pursue a career in counseling.The school psychologist told me he had been observing my interactions with students and parents during times of crisis, and he felt that I would be a good counselor.   I was appreciative of the compliment, but I was content with my current career. The next school year, the school psychologist approached me again after we had completed an interview wi th a parent. He reiterated his thoughts of me returning to school and getting a degree in psychology. He told me that there was a high demand for black counselors especially males, and felt I needed to really consider a change in professions.Stereotypes connected to black males who are born in America have to be overcome. Among these stereotypes are the presumptions that black males are violent, loud, and lazy freeloaders, etc. This is why I have a specific interest in creating the opportunity for adolescent black males to advance.   I mentioned I was raised by a single mother a majority of my life; however, for a couple years I was able to be influenced by a person whom I consider my step-father. He is no longer alive but he did instill in my mind that young black males have to work hard and save money but the worldview is that whites are superior to blacks.False superiority of white population and civil rights of blacksThe notion of whites feeling that they are superior to black s was as upheld by my mother. My mother was raised in Mississippi and lived through the time of slavery. I recall my mother telling me stories of the Klu Klux Klan killing black men for no reason, but society accepted this as the norm. My mother currently has white friends but she made it clear to me and my brothers that she did not want a white person in her family.   Later in life, I married a Caucasian woman and my mother had a hard time dealing with it because of her past experiences. I respected my mother’s opinion but at the same time I tried to show her how time had changed, and that interracial dating has increased. My mother indicated that in the South, my wife would be considered â€Å"white trash†.My mother shared the story of Emmit Till with me. Emmitt Till was a black male who was from Chicago Illinois but visiting relatives in Money Mississippi. It was reported that 14 year old Emmitt whistled and flirted with a white woman, Carolyn Bryant, in a small c onvenience store while in Mississippi. Carolyn was the owner of the store and she reported Emmitt Till’s actions to her husband. Carolyn’s husband and his brother-in-law abducted Emmitt Till from his family’s house. They took him to a barn, beat him and gouged out one of his eyes, before shooting him through the head and disposing of his body in the Tallahatchie River. They weighted his body down by tied a 70 pound cotton gin fan around Emmitt Till’s neck with barbwire. Till’s body was returned to Chicago and his mother, Mamie Till, requested that the casket remain open, so others could see what racism in America looked like, which brought up questions on civil rights for those in Mississippi. Those responsible for Till’s murder were tried in the court of law and found not guilty, but they later admitted publicly to the crime (Wall, 2012). My mother stated although interracial dating may seem to be socially acceptable this type of racism sti ll existThe brutal murder of innocent Emmitt Till in Money, Mississippi a generation ago was so horrific that it galvanized national and international media attention and became pivotal in mobilizing the civil rights movement. Not only were the perpetrators acquitted, but they also sold their story to a popular magazine after the trial, in which they boldly described their crime of torture with legal immunity. They were as safe in their egregious actions as the precedent setting plantation slave owners before them (Wall, 2012).Todays version of murder and legal immunity appears with the automatic, police response to the fatal shooting of unarmed, seventeen-year-old Trayvon Martin as self-defense. The uproar over the failure to arrest the confessed killer and to fully investigate Trayvon Martins death has underscored the institutional resistance to justice and an entrenched orientation that is not uncommon in post-racial America as long as you play by the rules. The rules today requi re you always to denounce racism, to blame the victim and to allow the tenor of murder to teach the subtle lesson of role and place. Emmett Till should have known his place and not whistled at a white woman; Trayvon Martin should not have worn a hoodie. Racist conditioning provides the prism through which deadly force is embraced as a right and a subtle instrument of control. African American male youth are oblivious to the conditioning process of racial (Wall, 2012).Racism in modern society  My mother told me that although history is changing, racism still exists. The Southern white person will be straight forward with minorities about their dislike for them, while the Northern white person will hide behind their power and pretend to be your friend while they back stab you at the same time.My wife and I have been married for sixteen years, and we have three children in common. My mother and my in-laws have never stepped foot into one another’s house. They will attend their grandchildren’s birthday party and come to their sporting events, but a few words are exchanged between the two. My mother believes my in-laws express an arrogance of superiority plus, my mother recalls the words said to her by my in-laws just before my wife and I married.Inequality and resistance between white and black communitiesMy wife and my in-laws are from a small rural town called Dakota Illinois. Dakota is a farming community that was not used to interacting with blacks. The school system had one black student and the rest were Caucasian students. I met my wife, Kara, through a mutual friend. I lived alone and was conducting a Bible study at my house when a female friend stopped by with another girl, Kara. Both girls joined in on the Bible study and after it was finished we discussed our different views on religion. Kara was intrigued that I was reading the Bible, because she also had a religious background which differed from mine. Kara repeatedly would show up at my house with our mutual friend.   I tried to set Kara up with the drummer at my church. The drummer was Causation just like Kara. They went on one date and decided that one date was good.Kara and I eventually started dating but she had to hide it from her parents. One day Kara’s mother arrived at my house while Kara was there. The front door was open but the screen door was locked. I told Kara the person at the door was yelling her name. Kara looked out and seen that it was her mother. Kara was a high school senior and was scared to go to the door and speak with her mother. Kara went home right after her mother left my house. Kara told her parents that we were dating. Kara’s parents told her that she had to break up with me. Kara called me in the presence of her parents and broke up with me.   Kara later called me and told me that her parents had forced her to call me and break up. Kara wanted me to know that she wasn’t going to break up with me and that if she could not come to my house with her parent’s consent then she would sneak over.Kara called me the next day and stated her parents heard her talking with me over the telephone. Kara’s parents wanted to know why Kara was defying them, and were Kara still a virgin.   Kara was still a virgin as we had not had sex, because she wanted to wait until she was married.   Kara’s parents gave her ultimatums to either really break up with me or move out of their house. Kara asked if she could stay with me and if I could come and pick her up.   Kara chose our relationship over her family; therefore, Kara was kicked out of the house and her parents took her car and sold it to one of Kara’s friends. Kara’s parents informed my mother that as long as I was black I would never be able to step foot into their house. It has been about nineteen years since that statement was said, but to my mother it was like it was said yesterday.Kara’s parents did no t come to our marriage they did not want to give their daughter away to a black man plus, lose her virginity to a black man. I believe it was the stereotype of the black man which kept them from knowing â€Å"me†. I was able to show them that I could fulfill my responsibility as a husband and provide for my family without their assistance. Kara’s parents realized that they would not be a part of their only daughter’s life or their grandchildren’s lives. Kara became pregnant with our oldest son who is now fourteen years old. Kara called her mother to get family history in order to be able to tell the doctor. Kara’s mother reached out and asked to be a part of our lives. She attended birthing classes with us. We discussed our hurts that we had caused one another, and Kara’s mother was the pillar that caused the rest of the family to change their view. I hear the â€Å"I’m sorry† but I don’t know if I really accept it.Writi ng this paper has brought back so many unpleasant memories that are causing tears to flow down my eyes. The question I’m thinking right now is â€Å"why does racism still exist†? A majority of the functions I attend with my in-laws I’m the only black person present. I’m introduced as â€Å"this is my son in-law he is a police officer†. Why can’t it just be â€Å"this is my son in-law LaMont†? My thought process says that my in-laws feel obligated to introduce me as a police officer, because otherwise the person I’m being introduced to is just seeing a big black man who they already have a stereotype about; however, by saying that I’m a police officer I must be an exception to the stereotype.IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT part 3 essay

Menes - Legend of the First King of Egypt

Menes - Legend of the First King of Egypt In Egyptian legend, the first king of Egypt was Menes. At least, Menes is the form of the kings name that was used by the 3rd century B.C. historian Manetho. Two other first dynasty kings names are associated with Menes, Narmer (as in the Narmer Palette) and Aha. The Greek historian Herodotus calls Menes Min. The Jewish historian Josephus calls him Minaios and the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus refers to him as Manas. There are various etymologies for the name, including an attempt to connect Menes with the name of the city he founded, Memphis, which he reclaimed by means of dam construction. Diodorus Siculus refers to Manas as the first law-giver. Menes is credited with introducing papyrus and writing (Pliny), founding cities, building dikes and more. Manetho says Menes dynasty had 8 kings and that a hippopotamus carried off Menes at the end of his life. How Menes died is part of his legend, with the hippopotamus version being only one possibility. Pharaoh Menes death after an anaphylactic reaction - the end of a myth says Diodorus Siculus wrote he was chased by dogs, fell into a lake, and was rescued by crocodiles, leading scholars to think possibilities include death by dogs and crocodile. The article, as is fitting an article on the topic of allergy, explains why some think Menes was killed by an allergic reaction to a wasp sting. Source: Steve Vinson Menes The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Donald B. Redford, Oxford University Press, Inc., Pharaoh Menes death after an anaphylactic reaction - the end of a myth, by J. W. Krombach, S. Kampe, C. A. Keller, and P. M. Wright, [Allergy Volume 59, Issue 11, pages 1234-1235, November 2004] Go to Other Ancient / Classical History Glossary pages beginning with the letter a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | wxyz

Should Parents Send their Children to Private School If They Can Essay

Should Parents Send their Children to Private School If They Can Afford It - Essay Example This essay declares that private schools exist for different purposes, but the intrinsic and core characteristic of all private schools is the need to offer more than what is offered and available in public schools. Private schools offer learning curricula is specific and tailor made to suit the needs of their children as prescribed by their parents. Examples of private schools include convents, military schools and other learning institutions that share the similar characteristics with public schools. The only difference and distinguishing feature is the funding and curricula aspect of these two school systems. Public schools are considered ideal and fundamental approaches towards achieving social progress and reform. This paper makes a conclusion that public schools have been touted for providing a well-rounded education characterized by learning from both the academic and social context. This is attributed to the fact that public schools do not have selection criteria for whom they enroll as long an individual enrolls. The cultural, racial, class and deposition diversity in public provides a healthy environment for students to learn other social life skills that are not learnt in classrooms or close knit groups or private schools. Public schools offer an ethnic, cultural and socioeconomic environment that is a representative of the society that students will have to live in and experience. Thus, this setting is ideal for imparting and exposing students to their real world situation from a tender age where they are able to develop ‘people skills’. ... Examples of private schools include convents, military schools and other learning institutions that share the similar characteristics with public schools. The only difference and distinguishing feature is the funding and curricula aspect of these two school systems. Public schools are considered ideal and fundamental approaches towards achieving social progress and reform (Caldwell 2011, 95). Public schools offer a compact and non-discriminatory education irrespective of students’ socioeconomic background, tradition or culture. Public schools have been touted for providing a well-rounded education characterized by learning from both the academic and social context. This is attributed to the fact that public schools do not have selection criteria for whom they enroll as long an individual enrolls. The cultural, racial, class and deposition diversity in public provides a healthy environment for students to learn other social life skills that are not learnt in classrooms or close knit groups or private schools. Public schools offer an ethnic, cultural and socioeconomic environment that is a representative of the society that students will have to live in and experience. Thus, this setting is ideal for imparting and exposing students to their real world situation from a tender age where they are able to develop ‘people skills’. These ‘people skills’ are essential for someone to be able to effectively cope with the diversities present out there in the real world. Public schools generally have students with a range of abilities and disabilities. As with ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds, the diversity introduces students to the communication issues and interpersonal issues that rubbing elbows with people who

International Business of McDonald Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Business of McDonald - Essay Example It is referred as the industrial business transactions which take place collectively among two or more nations, areas or regions. These transactions are performed in order to augment the profit margin of an organisation along with its brand equity across the globe (Eebizguides, n.d.). Notably, in recent years the scope of international business in United Arab Emirates (UAE) augmented due to low trade barriers and huge amount of Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs). In addition, UAE also offers the opportunity of free trade zones with modern infrastructure and sovereignty from foreign exchange controls. The economy of UAE also offers an easy entrance to consumer markets connecting ‘13 free trade zones’ in the present scenario (Eebizguides, n.d.). The objective of the assignment is to analyse the importance of international business and the scope of foreign investment in UAE with the motive to assist an Australian renowned fashion company, Peter Alexander to expand its busine ss operations in UAE. With this intention, the discussion of this paper will evaluate the suggestion of considering joint ventures as a mode of strategic alliance with the local companies of UAE for Peter Alexander’s penetration to the market. 2.0. Project Description and Progress Peter Alexander is a renowned Australian fashion designer, mainly known as the leader in the segment of stylish sleepwear, nightwear and gifts. It includes varied types of stylish and trendy clothes for men, women and kids. In the year 2004, the foremost stand-alone store for Peter Alexander’s products was established in the city of Melbourne, Australia with his name (Peteralexander, n.d.). The objective of this project is to propose the organisation, i.e. Peter Alexander to expand in the UAE highlighting the opportunities in the UAE fashion industry. In order to enhance the portfolio of the brand along with its distinctiveness from a global perspective, Peter Alexander can be suggested with noteworthy strategies with due consideration to joint venture initiatives to attempt towards expanding its business operations in the markets of UAE. Hence, it might also facilitate Peter Alexander to amplify the brand value and total turnover of the organisation. It might also enhance the reputation of Peter Alexander, which is extremely essential to sustain in the long run. With this concern, the progress of this particular project will be considering the virtues of joint ventures to assist in the expansion planning of the company. Stage 2 3.0. Business Matching and Networking Owing to the virtues of globalisation, the intensity of fashion events enhanced quite rapidly acting as the backbone of the emerging markets of Middle Eastern region providing a considerable contribution over the GDP of these economies. Moreover, the exclusivity of fashionable hubs also developed by a large extent due to presentation of varied shows by the leading fashion houses within the market of Dubai (S cribd, n.d.). Thus, it is advised to the management of Peter Alexander, to visit the markets of Abu Dhabi and Dubai in order to recognise its underlining opportunities and strengths by conducting a market research to evaluate the internal as well as external risks

Nike Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nike Inc - Essay Example According to the report in terms of behavioral segmentation, the product is target to the loyal customers. The product is priced at $149, which makes the product a luxury product. The product would therefore not greatly appeal to the price sensitive consumers and they may look for the same product offered by cheaper brands. Since the product is more of a luxury than a necessity, the price sensitive consumer would be generally not attracted towards the product.This paper discusses that  product development strategy is best suited. This is because the product is new, with a few modifications from the first generation Fuel Band but the market remains the same. With this product, Nike is and should continue to target its existing consumers which are sports loving people who live and enjoy an active lifestyle. They are mostly high-end sophisticated consumers to frequently and even occasionally consume luxury products such as the Fuel Band.  In terms of the environmental uncertainty Ma trix, the product is positioned as high uncertainty. Products positioned in this area of uncertainty have the following characteristics: dynamic and unpredictable market; involves many components; requires high skills and knowledge.   Since the Nike Fuel Band fits in all these areas, it faces high uncertainty in the market.  In terms of competition, the company faces competition from mainly three other products: Jawbone UP, Fitbit Flex and Basis.... This is because the product is new, with a few modifications from the first generation Fuel Band but the market remains the same (Kelion, 2013). With this product, Nike is and should continue to target its existing consumers which are sports loving people who live and enjoy an active lifestyle. They are mostly high-end sophisticated consumers to frequently and even occasionally consume luxury products such as the Fuel Band (Sherman, 2013). The product, Fuel Band, in this case is a relatively new product. Nike had released the first generation of Fuel Band in the beginning of 2012 but a more modified version was developed in the end of 2012 known as the Nike + Fuelband (Nike Inc., 2012). Environmental Uncertainty In terms of the environmental uncertainty Matrix, the product is positioned as high uncertainty. Products positioned in this area of uncertainty have the following characteristics: dynamic and unpredictable market; involves many components; requires high skills and knowledge. Since the Nike Fuel Band fits in all these areas, it faces high uncertainty in the market (Robbins and Coutler, 2007). Competitor analysis In terms of competition, the company faces competition from mainly three other products: Jawbone UP, Fitbit Flex and Basis. A general comparison of the features of these products is shown below: Feature Fuel Band Jawbone Fitbit Flex Basis Price 149 130 100 200 Battery Time (in Days) 1-4 10 5 4 Compatible Applications 3 10 27 0 Blue Tooth Yes No Yes Yes Water Proof No No No No Water Resistant Yes Yes Yes Yes Unique Features Calories, Time, Steps, Nike Fuel and Daily Progress Vibrating Alarm Vibrating Alarm Pulse, Sweat and Temperature Compatible With iOS and Web iOS and Andriod iOS,

Computer systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer systems - Essay Example But due to the fact that interface of most computer systems has limited range of expressions, users has no opportunities to interact with them as with real people. Current tools, such as email, mailing lists, chat rooms, discussion phorums have substantial shortcomings. Their interface is designed only for delivery of simple ideas, without emotions, gestures or face expressions. Of course people can use so-called smiles (primitive pictures with emotions, such as smile or sadness), but every system has its own predefined set of smiles and does not allow user to insert custom image instantly. At the same time in a physical world people can easily express emotions in a discussion over a meal or a drink, meeting up at a conference or having a special offer pointed out to you by behaviour of a stranger. Social information in a physical world is transmitted on many levels. Most of these levels are lost in digital environment, hence socially blind. Therefore need of expression of social information arises, for example mood, condition, some feelings. So people can see emotional reaction of their interlocutors, not only what they express in words. This social information may be applied to knowledge management to make users' activities visible to others. The realist approach involves trying to project social... The realist approach is a straightforward answer to the question; it minimizes the difficulty of producing and interpreting social signals. However current technology places very strict limits on the resolution of teleconferencing and video space systems. The mimetic approach tries to represent social cues from the physical world, as literally as possible, in the digital domain. The mimetic approach is exemplified by graphical MUDs and virtual reality systems, and uses virtual environments and avatars of various degrees of realism to mimic the physical world. Work here ranges from attempts to implement a virtual physics to the considerably looser representations of social information found in the 2-D and 3-D avatars found in various graphical MUDs and 3-D VRML worlds. While the use of mimetic representations decreases some of the bandwidth requirements of such systems, in this sort of system social signals must be consciously produced via users manipulating their avatars. The abstract approach involves portraying social information in ways that are not closely tied to their physical analogs. Exemplars of the abstract approach include AROMA, the Out to Lunch system (which uses abstract sonic cues to indicate socially salient activity), and Chat Circles (which uses abstract visual representations). This approach also includes the use of text to portray social information. Text has proved surprisingly powerful as a means for conveying social information, so the abstract approach scales well, both textual and abstract graphical representations being relatively compact. (Erickson and Kellogg, 2002) 3. Using your knowledge and experience, explain how the application of context and domain modelling could be used to help establish a

Analysis of the Film Dr. Strangelove Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of the Film Dr. Strangelove - Essay Example In this essay I analyze the movie based on the various points of criticism that it faced. Mockery of nuclear warfare and its seriousness When analyzing a film it is important to take into account the content and the period, which brought the idea about. Despite strong criticism than Stanley Kubrick made a mockery out of nuclear warfare and over simplified the entire process of war and the politics of it. It is hard to ignore that the political climate at the time leaned dangerously towards the concept of â€Å"accidental war† which was the crux of Peter George’s novel. Though the actual scenario is far from the truth and not a possibility the concept did create doubts in the minds of people. America at the time of the release was going through conflicting times and the people were divided in their opinion of the Government policies. President Kennedy was in the process of signing a treaty with the Soviet Union premier Nikita Khrushchev that called for the ban of atmosph eric nuclear testing. It may be an obsolete thought now, but in 1964, the imagery, however, lighthearted of a power hungry Brigadier general who actually made a war happen seemed convincing. Was the issue of an imminent nuclear war really a laughing matter for Stanley Kubrick? I do not think so. One major factor that I will attribute to all of his films is the amount of research and thought that he put into the art of filmmaking. Stanley Kubrick was in no way in the industry for want of nothing better to do. His movies have always made an impact on people and had a clear-cut message to send across. The film was the result of an in-depth analysis of the nuclear war and its danger. He put this strong message across very effectively with the use of satire and his excellent casting. Peter sellers gave a stellar performance in all of his 3 roles as Group Captain Lionel Mandrake, President Mirkin Muffley and, the paraplegic scientist Dr. Strangelove himself. Sterling Hayden, George C Scot t and Slim Pickens played the roles of General Jack D. Ripper, General Turgidson and the crazily lunatic power hungry Major Kong respectively, to perfection. Simplistic approach to a complex situation. There is nothing simple about the movie. The only thing that can be considered simplistic is the analysis hinted at. The movie blatantly points out that military and political powers used war as a tool to give vent to their personal repressions, very obviously hinting towards how men with sexual tensions in their personal life tend to use war as a tool to show their manliness. In this respect the film itself offers no solution to the situation. It is not clear whether Kubrick set out to expose the current climate or propose any solution to it. It was a very subjective and biased analysis of the nations’ foreign policies. If Kubrick’s intention was just to ridicule the situation and expose the callousness in which the powers treated the matter, he more than succeeded. And he did so by taking quite a few liberties and creative licenses. A classic example is the scene where the President intervenes in the scuffle between the Soviet ambassador and General Turgidson by saying "Gentlemen, no fighting in the War Room!† A classic attempt at fantastic comedy tinged with irony earmarked the concept behind the movie. It markedly pointed towards the unthinking and extremely detached view in which people in power viewed war as a whole. The movie no doubt is a gross exaggeration

Computer systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer systems - Essay Example But due to the fact that interface of most computer systems has limited range of expressions, users has no opportunities to interact with them as with real people. Current tools, such as email, mailing lists, chat rooms, discussion phorums have substantial shortcomings. Their interface is designed only for delivery of simple ideas, without emotions, gestures or face expressions. Of course people can use so-called smiles (primitive pictures with emotions, such as smile or sadness), but every system has its own predefined set of smiles and does not allow user to insert custom image instantly. At the same time in a physical world people can easily express emotions in a discussion over a meal or a drink, meeting up at a conference or having a special offer pointed out to you by behaviour of a stranger. Social information in a physical world is transmitted on many levels. Most of these levels are lost in digital environment, hence socially blind. Therefore need of expression of social information arises, for example mood, condition, some feelings. So people can see emotional reaction of their interlocutors, not only what they express in words. This social information may be applied to knowledge management to make users' activities visible to others. The realist approach involves trying to project social... The realist approach is a straightforward answer to the question; it minimizes the difficulty of producing and interpreting social signals. However current technology places very strict limits on the resolution of teleconferencing and video space systems. The mimetic approach tries to represent social cues from the physical world, as literally as possible, in the digital domain. The mimetic approach is exemplified by graphical MUDs and virtual reality systems, and uses virtual environments and avatars of various degrees of realism to mimic the physical world. Work here ranges from attempts to implement a virtual physics to the considerably looser representations of social information found in the 2-D and 3-D avatars found in various graphical MUDs and 3-D VRML worlds. While the use of mimetic representations decreases some of the bandwidth requirements of such systems, in this sort of system social signals must be consciously produced via users manipulating their avatars. The abstract approach involves portraying social information in ways that are not closely tied to their physical analogs. Exemplars of the abstract approach include AROMA, the Out to Lunch system (which uses abstract sonic cues to indicate socially salient activity), and Chat Circles (which uses abstract visual representations). This approach also includes the use of text to portray social information. Text has proved surprisingly powerful as a means for conveying social information, so the abstract approach scales well, both textual and abstract graphical representations being relatively compact. (Erickson and Kellogg, 2002) 3. Using your knowledge and experience, explain how the application of context and domain modelling could be used to help establish a

Is job satisfaction a singular uni-dimentional concept discuss Essay

Is job satisfaction a singular uni-dimentional concept discuss - Essay Example The level of employee job satisfaction within an organization is very important because it affects the performance of the organization (Ostroff, 1992). Job satisfaction has been positively correlated with job involvement, organizational commitment and job performance and negatively correlated with employee absenteeism, turnover and perceived stress (Spector, 1997). Therefore, an assessment of the nature of job satisfaction, and whether it is uni-dimensional or multi-dimensional, is helpful in evaluating which motivational methods are most likely to be effective in advancing organizational goals.One of the best known expectancy theories is the VIE Model put forward by Victor Vroom, according to which expectancy relates to the belief that a particular action will be followed by a desired outcome. (Karwowski, 2006; Furnham 1997). This underlying aspect conditions an employee’s motivation on the job. Porter and Lawler (1967) extended this expectancy concept to the relationship bet ween individual motivation, work performance and job satisfaction.On the basis of individual expectancy, or the belief that a particular action will be followed by a desired outcome, Porter and Lawler (1967) define job satisfaction as a uni dimensional construct. i.e, one is generally satisfied or dissatisfied with one’s job. Their formulation of task motivation within an organizational set up incorporates only intrinsic factors and they observe that the accomplishment of a job relates task can be rewarding for an individual irrespective of any external rewards that are provided.

The present selection Essay Example for Free

The present selection Essay Juries in England often described as the the jewel in the Crown, with 12 different faces on the jury that is its strength, of course there are automatic exemptions: for criminals and bankrupts and more importantly for professionals like lawyers, judges, prison officers and police. Others, like doctors, can seek exemptions. Its tighter in some States than others, but after all the exclusions, exemptions and excuses and lets not forgets the defence is entitled to challenge if they dont like the jury. Juries Act 1974 is the act governing the juries system in UK. Juries system been form in UK for insure the public justice system will be fairly deliver and up hold the justice, yet the present selection, exclusion, exemption and challenges procedures become a great question that did such method did representive of the public conscience. 1 The method of selection of juries subject to this section and section 5, every person enrolled as an elector for the Legislative Assembly shall be qualified and liable to serve as a juror, Therefore those age reach 18 up to 70 were eligible to become juror. This means this category of people details must listed in the Electoral Register records otherwise they wont be listed under the jurors selection list. Ten percent of England qualify votes, never register them self as the votes. The second issue is this category of people wills randomly choused. Thru random selection not all citizen will be selected as the juror even if they are entitle to become a juror. 2One important fact of random selection is its doesnt mean representative selection but its just cross-section of population. This shows that the current juror selection still need to be improve to an advances or alternate method such as using the records of National Registration of Birth and Death in order every qualify citizen not been left behind in the selection. After the selection processes done, all the selected juror will be summon for the final selection, at this stage numbers of them will be exempted from juror services, for having good reason. Those such as pregnant womens, ill-health person, those age 65 above, person facing deep hardship, medical officers, member of Parliaments, legal professionals or those with legal back ground on the past or current services. Those did serve, as juries in past two years also will be exempted from such services. The society still believed that in order to have better verdict thru jurys services, those been exempted due to their nature of duties should consider their participation in juries services, the possibility to such category of people might be better jurors because of having more experiences of life or working with people. Equal opportunity to participate in the fair administration of justice is fundamental to our democratic system. It not only furthers the goals of the jury system. It reaffirms the promise of equality under the law that all citizens, regardless of race, ethnicity, or gender, have the chance to take part directly in our democracy. 4 Powers v. Ohio, its shows and believed that no body should exclude base on solely because of race or gender, this promise of equality dims, and the integrity of our judicial system is jeopardized. The law makers need look in this factors for 5 commands the public confidences in order the juries system continuously will representative of the public conscience . 6In New York and many other State of USA source records for jury services been expended, all or most of exemptions from jury trail been sweep away, and excusal become largely deferred. This result is that nearly every one does jury service as an acknowledged civil duty, including, judges, lawyers, policeman. Doctors and clergymen. About a quarter of million people are summoned for the jury service every year. 7A recent Home Offices research project highlighted that only third of them an available to do so. It shows that, in sample of 50,000 people summoned for jury service in June and July 1999, one third of them available to do so, half of them been allowed to defer their service on later date. Of the remaining two-third, 13% were ineligible, disqualify or excused as of the rights. 15 % either failed to attend on the day or their summoned will returned as undelivered and 38% were excused. The Court also had the power to remove selected jurors if its consider on the account of disability or insufficient understanding of English. 9The Crown Court study undertaken during 1992 on behalf of Runciman Royal Commission, indicated that, nationality, ethnic minority communities seriously un present in juries service. This is due to this group of ethnic not registered in the electors The right of the jury Challenges is very limited in England and Wales compared with in any other country . 10. There is no longer right to Peremptory Challenge. It was abolished in 1988. Juries Act, 1927 s. 57 says the plaintiff or, where there are two or more plaintiffs, the plaintiffs jointly may challenge without cause shown three jurors and no more where there are two or more plaintiffs, they shall join in their challenges. Such 11 Privileges specially in sexual abuse case, not likely allow the female juror as the first choice, the defendant use to challenges the female juror The society believe the womens privileges to become potential juror in such cases become a barrier thru such challenges. Although there are a number of legitimate concerns with the current jury selection process in UK and while a number of options are open for reforming the process, the report concludes that a piecemeal approach to reform is not likely to successfully address the need to improve the system for racial, visible, ethno-cultural and other minorities The need is not only to address some or all of the out-of-court processes, but at the same time to reform the in-court procedures in the selection, exclusion, exemption and the challenges procedures of juries. It would appear to be necessary to undertake reform in order juries always representative of the society.

Quantum Mechanics Using Back-of-the-envelope Calculations

Quantum Mechanics Using Back-of-the-envelope Calculations YIP Chung On INTRODUCTION Calculations in quantum mechanics are very often lengthy and mathematically involved, and some problems are impossible to get an analytical solution. Our goal, rather than obtaining an exact solution, we try to analyze a problem in quantum mechanics using dimensional analysis and provide a back-of-the-envelope estimate. We choose the ground state problem of a harmonic-quartic oscillator to perform an analytical estimate, as it is a common and useful quantum mechanics problem. Then we use a computer software, Mathematica to solve differential equations numerically, and compare the solutions with the back-of-the-envelope estimate. Above is the Schrà ¶dinger equation for a one-dimensional particle moving in a combination of a harmonic potential of frequency à °Ã‚ Ã…“† and a quartic potential of strength à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½. The study of ground state problem of a harmonic-quartic problem is important, as it is a typical system in reality. There are two special cases for a harmonic-quartic oscillator; one is when the strength of the quartic is very small, it becomes a harmonic oscillator, another one is when the strength of the harmonic potential is very small, it becomes a quartic oscillator. Harmonic oscillator is one of the most important model systems in quantum mechanics, one of the examples are simple diatomic molecules such as hydrogen and nitrogen. It is one of the few quantum-mechanical systems which we are able to get an exact, analytical solution. Also, many potentials can be approximated as a harmonic potential when the energy is very low, this provides a great help when studying some very complicated systems. While in reality, it is unlikely that a system is purely harmonic, as most of the time there would be more than one potential acting in a system. So it is important to study a system with multi-potentials, and a harmonic-quartic oscillator, which includes a harmonic potential and a quartic potential, is a good example of that. Our goal, in this project, is to estimate the ground state energy of a harmonic-quartic oscillator making use of back-of-the-envelope calculations, which means that we only involve very few mathematical calculations in our estimate. To specify, we perform dimensional analysis on the equations of the problem we concern, then we compare the results of our estimate with the numerical solution we get from Mathematica, a computer software, to see how close can our estimate get. METHOD We attempt to use dimensional analysis to estimate the ground state energy of the harmonic-quartic problem, and here would be the procedures we would take to perform a dimensional analysis for finding the ground state energy. First we identify the principal units of measurement for the problem, which means the minimal set of units enough to describe all the input parameters of the problem. For this problem, we choose the units of length, [], and energy, [, these two are often chosen in stationary problems in quantum mechanics. Then we identify the input parameters and their units in terms of the chosen principal units. For each of the principal units, we choose a scale which is a combination of the input parameters measured using their units. We may need to determine the maximal set of independent dimensionless parameters: the set will include only the parameters that are generally either much greater or much less than unity. These include both the dimensionless parameters present in the problem and the dimensionless combinations of the dimensionful input parameters. If the set is empty, the unknown quantities can be determined almost completely, i.e. up to a numerical prefactor of the order of unity. If some dimensionless parameters are present, the class of possible relationships between the unknowns and the input parameters can be narrowed down, but the order of magnitude of the unknown quantities cannot be determined. Finally we express the unknown quantities as a multi-power-law of principal scales, times an arbitrary function of all dimensionless parameters, if any. If no dimensionless parameters are present, the arbitrary function is replaced by an arbitrary constant, presumed to be of the order of unity. SOLVE Before we solve the harmonic-quartic oscillator problem, we would first go through the two special cases, the harmonic oscillator alone and the quartic oscillator alone. Harmonic oscillator alone Consider the Schrà ¶dinger equation for one-dimensional particle moving in a harmonic potential of frequency à °Ã‚ Ã…“†, where à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ… ¡ is the particle’s mass. Find the ground state energy. Principal units: unit of length [], unit of energy [ Input parameters and their units: [ [ where , and To derive the scale of length, let us represent the scale as The units of are [ To derive the scale of energy, let us represent the scale as The units of are [ Solution for the unknown: where const is a number of the order of unity. Its precise value is inaccessible for dimensional methods. Recall that the exact value of this constant is 1/2. Finally, Quartic oscillator alone Consider the Schrà ¶dinger equation for one-dimensional particle moving in a quartic potential of strength where is the particle’s mass. Find the ground state energy. Principal units: unit of length [], unit of energy [ Input parameters and their units: [ [ where To derive the scale of length, let us represent the scale as The units of are [ To derive the scale of energy, let us represent the scale as The units of are [ Solution for the unknown: Finally, Harmonic-quartic oscillator Consider the Schrà ¶dinger equation for one-dimensional particle moving in a combination of harmonic potential of frequency and a quartic potential of strength where is the particle’s mass. Find the ground state energy. Principal units: unit of length [], unit of energy [ Input parameters and their units: [ [ [ where , and To derive the scale of length, let us represent the scale as The units of are: [ We choose the scale associated uniquely with the harmonic oscillator, To derive the scale of energy, let us represent the scale as The units of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ° are: [ We choose the scale associated uniquely with the harmonic oscillator, There exists a dimensionless parameter expressed as a product of powers of principal scales: The units of are: [ As is supposed to be dimensionless, There is an independent dimensionless parameter We choose a scale of parameter in order that the system can be solved Solution for the unknown: where is an arbitrary function. Finally, SOFTWARE COMPARISON DISCUSSION REFERENCES M. Olshanii, Back-of-the-Envelope Quantum Mechanics, 1st ed. (World Scientific, 2013) Quantum harmonic oscillator. Retrieved Feb 1, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_harmonic_oscillator Quantum Harmonic Oscillator. Retrieved Feb 1, 2015, from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/hosc.html

Classroom Discipline and Management Philosophy Essay -- Classroom Manag

The goal in our classroom is to teach self-discipline, responsibility, cooperation, and problem-solving skills. Common causes of misbehavior include an attempt to meet unmet needs (belonging, significance, fun); a lack of needed skills (social and academic); inappropriate expectations; lack of structure; and a lack of sense of relevance. We will be focusing on non-punitive solutions to problems based on kindness, firmness, dignity and respect. True discipline comes from an internal locus of control (self-discipline), not an external locus of control (punishments and rewards inflicted by someone else). Some of the strategies used in our classroom will be proactive and some will be reactive. Many proactive strategies will be in place so that the use of reactive strategies is limited. These strategies include, but are not limited to: . Classroom Organization- Typically a Proactive Strategy although can be reevaluated as a Reactive Strategy- Classroom is thoughtfully designed to welcome all children, value everyone’s ideas and work, support active and engaged learning, support diverse developmental levels and learning styles, fosters independence, responsibility and cooperation, cultivates the care of materials and equipment, and gives students some choices in the learning process . Reinforcing teacher language- Proactive Strategy- Based on the idea of noticing what students are doing that we want them to keep doing; Names concrete or specific behaviors; Reflects important goals and values . Reminding teacher language- Proactive and/or Reactive Strategy- Reflects clearly established expectations; May be a question or a statement; Is brief and direct; is used when both the teacher and th... ... be sent to a â€Å"buddy room† to allow them a new environment to regain composure within) . Referral to Director, Assistant Director, or School Counselor- Reactive Strategy- Referrals to individuals outside of our classroom occur occasionally when o A Student’s behavior prohibits the class from moving forward in a productive way o If something occurs that the teacher believes needs immediate attention that cannot be given by the teacher at that moment o Others are perceived to be in danger References Nelsen, Jane. Positive Discipline. New York: Ballantine Books, 2006. Nelsen, Jane, Lynn Lott, and H. Stephen Glenn. Positive Discipline in the Classroom, 3rd ed. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000. Responsive Classroom, Level II Resource Book. Turner Falls, M.A.: Northeast Foundation For Children, Inc., 2008.